Organic molecules

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Organic molecules

• Nearly exclusively made by organisms
• Chains of carbon atoms with other atoms or groups
  (functional groups) attached.
• Carbon is tetravalent- can make up to 4 covalent
  bonds- therefore suited to making complex
  molecules
• What about silicon?

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Horta of Janus VI
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Valences for the major elements of organic
molecules
Valence reveals the number of covalent bonds the
atom will tend to make
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Representations of three simple organic molecules
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Variation in carbon skeletons
Length
Branching
Double bonds
Rings
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Isomers

• Same molecular formula- different structures
• Structural isomersdifferent covalent arrangement
• Geometric isomersdiffer around double bond
• Enantiomers (stereoisomers)differ around
  asymmetric carbon

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Isomers
Structural- branching of carbon chain Geometric-
no rotation around double bonds Enantiomers--dext
ral vs. sinistral-mirror images -asymmetric
carbon
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Functional groups
1. Hydrogen
2. Hydroxyl
3. Carbonyl
aldehyde
ketone
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Functional groups, continued
4. Carboxyl
H
5. Amino

H
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Functional groups, continued
6. Phosphate
2 H
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Functional groups, continued
7. Sulfhydryl
H-S
S-H
Disulfide bonds can link two organic
molecules
S-
S
2H
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