Documentation

1
Documentation

• In-Text Citations (parenthetical)
• Citing
• Quoting
• References
• Traditional (periodicals and non-periodicals)
• Electronic resources

2
In-Text Citations
3
In-Text Citation One Author

• In a recent study of student performance (Jones,
  1998), it was found that ... .
• Jones (1998) compared student performance ... .
• In 1998, Jones compared student performance ... .

Source http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/res
earch/r_apa.html
4
In-Text Citation Multiple Articles on Same
Subject

• Recent studies of student performance (Jones,
  1998 Smith Brown, 1997), it was found that ...
  .
• Jones (1998) compared student performance ... .
  In another study, Smith and Brown (1997) .

Source http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/res
earch/r_apa.html
5
In-Text Citation Three to
Five Authors

• A recent study of student performance (Johnson,
  Smith, Brown Wagner, 1999), it was found that
  ... Students who studied less than ten hours a
  week had a significantly lower (Johnson et al,
  1999).

Source http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/res
earch/r_apa.html
6
In-Text Citation Interviews

• Personal communications include letters, memos,
  email, interviews, etc.
• Included in text but excluded in references since
  they are not recoverable.
• Examples
• J.A. Smith (personal communication, April 10,
  2003)
• (J.A. Smith, personal communication, April 10,
  2003)

Source APA Publication Manual, 5th Edition.
7
In-Text Citation Short Quotations
(lt 40 words)

• According to Jones (1998), a seasoned writing
  instructor, Students often had difficulty using
  APA style, especially when it was their first
  time (p. 199).
• Sarah Jones, a seasoned writing instructor
  stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA
  style," (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not
  offer an explanation as to why.
• Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty
  using APA style" (p. 199) what implications does
  this have for teachers?

Source http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/res
earch/r_apa.html
8
In-Text Citation Web Page Source

• Mayor Smith stated, we chose prescription drugs
  re-importation because we had no other options,"
  (Mackey, 2004, 5), and she explained the budget
  crisis with which the city was faced.

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In-Text Citation Long Quotations (gt40 words)

• Jones's 1993 study found the following
  Students often had difficulty using APA style,
  especially when it was their first time citing
  sources. This difficulty could be attributed to
  the fact that many students failed to purchase a
  style manual or to ask their teacher for help
  when they didnt understand something. There is
  help available when students look for it. (p.
  199)

Quote is indented AND there are no quotation
marks used. This style of quotation is for quotes
longer than 40 words.
Source http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/res
earch/r_apa.html
10
In-Text Citation No Authors

• In a similar study of students learning to format
  research paper, (Using APA, 2000).
• Citation No Author and No Date
• In another study of students and research
  decisions, it was discovered that students
  succeeded with tutoring (Tutoring and APA,
  n.d.).

Source http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/res
earch/r_apa.html
11
References
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References Book

• Author, Year of Publication, Source Reference
• Author, A. (Year). Title of work. Location
  Publisher.

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References Book (contd)

• Tiwana, A. (2000). The knowledge management
  toolkit Practical techniques for building a
  knowledge management system. Upper Saddle River,
  NJ Prentice Hall.
• In Text Citation
  Knowledge management
  systems developed in the last decade (Tiwana,
  2000).
• According to Tiwana (2000) .

14
References Edited Book

• Author, A. (Year). Title of article. In A.
  Editor (Ed.), Book title (pp. xxx-xxx). Location
  Publisher.

15
References Edited Book (contd)

• Fink, D. (2000). Developing trust for electronic
  commerce. In L. Janczewski (Ed.), Internet and
  intranet security management Risks and solutions
  (pp. 39-80). Hershey, PA Idea Group Publishing.
  
• In Text Citation
  Major issues concerning
  e-commerce and information security (Fink,
  2000).
• According to Fink (2000) .

16
References Book Editions

• Mitchell, T. R., Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987).
  People in organizations An introduction to
  organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York
  McGraw-Hill.

17
References Journal Article

• Author, A., Author, B. (Year). Title of
  article. Name of Periodical, xx, xxx-xxx.

Volume number in Italics
Page number range not in Italics
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References Journal Article (contd)

• Wirth, D. P., Mitchell, B.J. (1994).
  Complementary healing therapy for patients with
  Type I diabetes mellitus. Journal of Scientific
  Exploration, 8, 367-377.
• In Text Citation
  Research on Type I diabetes
  patients (Wirth Mitchell, 1994).
  
  as Wirth and Mitchell explained in their article
  (1994) .

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References Journal Article (contd)

• If each issue of a journal begins on page 1,
  give the issue number in parentheses immediately
  after the volume number.
• Wirth, D. P., Mitchell, B.J. (1994).
  Complementary healing therapy for patients with
  Type I diabetes mellitus. Journal of Scientific
  Exploration, 2(4), 12-36.

20
References Online Resources

• Journal Article from Aggregated Database like
  ProQuest or EBSCOhost
• Hien, D., Honeyman, T. (2000). A closer look
  at the drug abuse-material aggression link.
  Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 503-522.
  Retrieved October 1, 2002, from ProQuest
  database.

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References Online Resources (contd)

• Web Document Group Author
  Center for Disease Control and
  Prevention. (2002). Annual smoking-attributable
  mortality, years of potential life lost, and
  economic costs United States, 19951999 .
  Retrieved October 24, 2002, from
  http//www.cdc.gov/tobacco/research_data/economics
  /mmwr5114.highlights.htm
• In Text Citation
  (Center for Disease Control
  and Prevention CDC, 2002)
• (CDC, 2002)

22
References Online Resources (contd)

• Web Document No Author, No Date
  Information architecture and usability.
  (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2002, from
  http//www.ias.net/articles/ia.htm
• In Text Citation
  Users on line experience
  depends on (Information Architecture, n.d.)

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References Online Resources (contd)

• Group Author or Title
  If from well known
  government agencies, private groups, universities
  AND
• Article contents closely related to the nature
  of the organization or a large section of the
  site, then use organization as group author
• Otherwise, use article title (for docs from
  stand-alone web sites)

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References Online Resources (contd)

• Web Document News Magazine
  Wilcox, J. (2002, November 4). Microsoft ruling
  may blunt other cases. Retrieved November 4,
  2002, from http//news.com.com/2100-1001-964366.ht
  ml?tagfd_top.
• In Text Citation
  According to Wilcox (2002)
• (Wilcox, 2002)

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References Online Resources (contd)

• Citing an Entire Website
• In Text Citation
• CNET offers good technical resources (http//
  www.cnet.com)
• No reference entry is needed.

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IMPORTANT !

• Paraphrase other authors wording whenever
  possible. Dont cut corners by using
  cut-and-paste to put a lot of direct quotes into
  your report. Even if properly cited, excessive
  quotations will lower your grade significantly.
• Use the Purdue Online Writing Lab for more about
  how to paraphrase. Click on this link
  http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/print/resea
  rch/r_paraphr.html

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Good Luck and Good Writing!