Teknologi Bangunan Berkecekapan Tenaga

1
Teknologi Bangunan Berkecekapan Tenaga
RAT 430 Teknologi Rekabentuk Bangunan
Berkecekapan Tenaga

• Kuliah 2D
• Dr. Mohd Zin Kandar

2
Contents of EE Technology

• Lighting
• Air-conditioning MV
• Toilet Water conservation
• Electrical motor
• Refrigerator and Freezer
• Water Supply
• Other EE Features

BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
3
Other mE
4
KIPAS
Foto Alat Kuasa(kW)
Kipas ekzos 0.04
5
Toilets and Water Conservation
6
Sistem pembentungan
7
Domestic water conservation

• Kitchen
• Bathroom
• Toilet

8
Sistem bekalan air
9
Building Services Domestic Water Supply,
Plumbing and Fire Extinguisher

• Water supply system for domestic, plumbing and
  fire extinguisher should be designed in
  accordance to the appropriate standard.
• The installation of pump system must be of the
  high efficient types as recommended by the ST.
• The overall system must be checked regularly to
  ensure the system is in working order and free
  from any leaks which can reduce efficiency and a
  waste of energy.

10
Building Services Domestic Hot Water Supply,
using solar heating syatem
11
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ELECTRICAL MOTOR SYSTEM
12
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ELECTRICAL MOTOR SYSTEM
13
WHAT IS A MOTOR

• Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical
  energy by the interaction between the magnetic
  fields set up in the stator and rotor windings.
• Industrial electric motors can be broadly
  classified as induction motors, direct current
  motors or synchronous motors.
• All motor types have the same four operating
  components stator (stationary windings), rotor
  (rotating windings), bearings, and frame
  (enclosure

14
WHAT IS A MOTOR

• Appliance motors--the engines that drive air
  conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines,
  and other home appliances--account for about a
  quarter of all residential energy use.
• A new Department of Energy report estimates that
  in 1995, these motors--most of them less than 1
  horsepower (hp)--used approximately 445 billion
  kWh, or about 4.9 quadrillion Btu of primary
  energy. Altogether, a home may contain dozens of
  motors, but consumers rarely think of motors when
  they look for ways to save household energy. This
  is because appliance manufacturers, who do not
  face the energy cost consequences of using
  inefficient motors in the home, purchase the
  overwhelming majority of motors for home
  appliances.

15
LIFE CYCLE COST OF A MOTOR
16
ENERGY SAVING RECOMMENDATIONS IN MOTORS

• The findings may include
• Identify the motors with lt50 , 50 -75 , 75-100
  loading, over 100 loading.
• Identify motors with low voltage / power factor /
  voltage imbalance for needed improvement
  measures.
• Identify motors with machine side losses /
  inefficiencies like idle operations, throttling /
  damper operations for avenues like automatic
  controls / interlocks, variable speed drives,
  etc.
• The margins in motor efficiency may be less than
  5 of consumption often, but the load survey
  would help to bring out savings in driven
  machines / systems, which can give 30 40
  energy savings.

17
(No Transcript)
18
Refrigerators and Freezers
19
Refrigerators and Freezers

• Residential refrigerators and freezers can have
  up to three motors--not counting the ice maker
  and defrost timer. The largest (typically 1/8-1/3
  hp) drives the refrigerant compressor. In
  frost-free units, two additional smaller motors
  drive fans that force air over the condenser and
  evaporator.
• The compressor motor is typically a 115V AC
  single phase, two-pole induction motor. The
  current NAECA standards have led to the use of
  more efficient induction motors. Even more
  stringent standards will take effect in 2001,
  reducing allowable refrigerator and freezer
  energy consumption by an average of 25 from
  current levels. Manufacturers are beginning to
  assess higher-cost ECMs, which would be used as
  either a high-efficiency constant speed motor or
  a variable speed motor. The federal Environmental
  Protection Agency (EPA) has estimated that using
  a variable-speed ECM-driven compressor in
  combination with variable-speed ECM evaporator
  and condenser fan motors would save one-quarter
  of the total motor energy use. EPA estimated that
  this would increase the retail price by 75
  energy savings should pay the consumer back for
  this increase in about eight years.
  Variable-speed compressors also provide the
  benefits of very quiet, steady-state operation
  and rapid cooling when warm food is placed in the
  refrigerator.
• Replacing only the fan motors, not the
  compressor, with variable-speed ECMs should
  reduce the payback period to only five years.
  This shorter payback period is due partly to the
  fact that increasing the efficiency of the
  evaporator fan also reduces compressor energy.
  The evaporator fan and motor are located within
  the refrigerated cabinet, so their use adds to
  the refrigeration load.

20
Table 1. Efficient Motor Options for Indoor Blowers Table 1. Efficient Motor Options for Indoor Blowers Table 1. Efficient Motor Options for Indoor Blowers Table 1. Efficient Motor Options for Indoor Blowers Table 1. Efficient Motor Options for Indoor Blowers Table 1. Efficient Motor Options for Indoor Blowers
Motor Efficient Motor Option Energy Savings Percent Energy Savings /Year Additional Retail Cost () Simple Payback
Central A/C blower High-efficiency PSC 14 4.50 15 3
Central A/C blower ECM 25 8.00 40 5
Central A/C blower Variable-speed ECM 75 24.00 75 3
Heat pump blower High-efficiency PSC 14 11.20 15 1
Heat pump blower ECM 25 20.00 40 2
Heat pump blower Variable-speed ECM 75 60.00 75 1
Furnace blower High-efficiency PSC 14 6.70 15 2
Furnace blower ECM 25 12.00 40 3
Furnace blower Variable-speed ECM 75 36.00 175 5
Central A/C and furnace blower High-efficiency PSC 14 11.20 15 1
Central A/C and furnace blower ECM 25 20.00 40 2
Central A/C and furnace blower Variable-speed ECM 75 60.00 175 2
Cost of variable-speed blower only. Includes incremental cost of 100 for capacity modulation in the furnace. Cost of variable-speed blower only. Includes incremental cost of 100 for capacity modulation in the furnace. Cost of variable-speed blower only. Includes incremental cost of 100 for capacity modulation in the furnace. Cost of variable-speed blower only. Includes incremental cost of 100 for capacity modulation in the furnace. Cost of variable-speed blower only. Includes incremental cost of 100 for capacity modulation in the furnace. Cost of variable-speed blower only. Includes incremental cost of 100 for capacity modulation in the furnace.
21
Table 2. Potential for Residential Energy Savings through Increased Motor Efficiency Table 2. Potential for Residential Energy Savings through Increased Motor Efficiency Table 2. Potential for Residential Energy Savings through Increased Motor Efficiency Table 2. Potential for Residential Energy Savings through Increased Motor Efficiency Table 2. Potential for Residential Energy Savings through Increased Motor Efficiency Table 2. Potential for Residential Energy Savings through Increased Motor Efficiency Table 2. Potential for Residential Energy Savings through Increased Motor Efficiency
Application Total National Motor Energy Use 109 kWh/yr Current Motor Efficiency Savings Practical Efficiency (Years) Potential Energy Potential Energy Typical Payback
Application Total National Motor Energy Use 109 kWh/yr Current Motor Efficiency Savings Practical Efficiency (Years) 109 kWh Typical Payback
Refrigerators and freezers Refrigerators and freezers Refrigerators and freezers Refrigerators and freezers Refrigerators and freezers Refrigerators and freezers Refrigerators and freezers
compressor 101 80 82-84 4 4.0 14
condenser fan 6 15 65 77 4.6 6
evaporator fan 6 15 65 128 7.7 4
Central A/C and heat Central A/C and heat Central A/C and heat Central A/C and heat Central A/C and heat Central A/C and heat Central A/C and heat
pump compressor 159 87 90 3 5.5 16
outside unit fan 21 50 70 29 6.1 6
Room A/C compressor 25 87 90 3 0.8 13
Indoor A/C and heating blowers 61 60 80 25 15.3 3
Clothes washer motor 10 65 75 13 1.3 10
Source Opportunities for Energy Savings in the Residential and Commercial Sectors with High Efficiency Electric Motors, U.S. Department of Energy. Based on upgrading installed motor base to maximum practical efficiency levels. Assuming average electric rate of 0.08/kWh. Evaporator fan savings include reduction in compressor load. Source Opportunities for Energy Savings in the Residential and Commercial Sectors with High Efficiency Electric Motors, U.S. Department of Energy. Based on upgrading installed motor base to maximum practical efficiency levels. Assuming average electric rate of 0.08/kWh. Evaporator fan savings include reduction in compressor load. Source Opportunities for Energy Savings in the Residential and Commercial Sectors with High Efficiency Electric Motors, U.S. Department of Energy. Based on upgrading installed motor base to maximum practical efficiency levels. Assuming average electric rate of 0.08/kWh. Evaporator fan savings include reduction in compressor load. Source Opportunities for Energy Savings in the Residential and Commercial Sectors with High Efficiency Electric Motors, U.S. Department of Energy. Based on upgrading installed motor base to maximum practical efficiency levels. Assuming average electric rate of 0.08/kWh. Evaporator fan savings include reduction in compressor load. Source Opportunities for Energy Savings in the Residential and Commercial Sectors with High Efficiency Electric Motors, U.S. Department of Energy. Based on upgrading installed motor base to maximum practical efficiency levels. Assuming average electric rate of 0.08/kWh. Evaporator fan savings include reduction in compressor load. Source Opportunities for Energy Savings in the Residential and Commercial Sectors with High Efficiency Electric Motors, U.S. Department of Energy. Based on upgrading installed motor base to maximum practical efficiency levels. Assuming average electric rate of 0.08/kWh. Evaporator fan savings include reduction in compressor load. Source Opportunities for Energy Savings in the Residential and Commercial Sectors with High Efficiency Electric Motors, U.S. Department of Energy. Based on upgrading installed motor base to maximum practical efficiency levels. Assuming average electric rate of 0.08/kWh. Evaporator fan savings include reduction in compressor load.
22
Table 3. Potential for Residential Energy Savings through Variable Speed Motors Table 3. Potential for Residential Energy Savings through Variable Speed Motors Table 3. Potential for Residential Energy Savings through Variable Speed Motors Table 3. Potential for Residential Energy Savings through Variable Speed Motors Table 3. Potential for Residential Energy Savings through Variable Speed Motors Table 3. Potential for Residential Energy Savings through Variable Speed Motors Table 3. Potential for Residential Energy Savings through Variable Speed Motors
Application Total National Motor Energy Use 109 kWh/yr Current Motor Efficiency Practical Efficiency Energy Savings Energy Savings Typical Payback (Years)
Application Total National Motor Energy Use 109 kWh/yr Current Motor Efficiency Practical Efficiency 109 kWh Typical Payback (Years)
Refrigerator/freezer compressor 101 80 88 20 20.2 8
Central A/C and heat pump compressor 159 87 90 35 55.7 15-25
Room A/C compressor 25 87 90 10 2.5 20
Indoor heating and A/C blowers 61 60 80 75 45.9 2-3
Source Opportunities for Energy Savings in the Residential and Commercial Sectors with High Efficiency Electric Motors. Based on upgrading installed motor base to maximum practical efficiency levels. Assuming average electric rate of 0.08/kWh. Using a 2-speed induction motor. (Somewhat higher energy savings are possible with a continuously variable-speed motor, but the payback period is longer.) Source Opportunities for Energy Savings in the Residential and Commercial Sectors with High Efficiency Electric Motors. Based on upgrading installed motor base to maximum practical efficiency levels. Assuming average electric rate of 0.08/kWh. Using a 2-speed induction motor. (Somewhat higher energy savings are possible with a continuously variable-speed motor, but the payback period is longer.) Source Opportunities for Energy Savings in the Residential and Commercial Sectors with High Efficiency Electric Motors. Based on upgrading installed motor base to maximum practical efficiency levels. Assuming average electric rate of 0.08/kWh. Using a 2-speed induction motor. (Somewhat higher energy savings are possible with a continuously variable-speed motor, but the payback period is longer.) Source Opportunities for Energy Savings in the Residential and Commercial Sectors with High Efficiency Electric Motors. Based on upgrading installed motor base to maximum practical efficiency levels. Assuming average electric rate of 0.08/kWh. Using a 2-speed induction motor. (Somewhat higher energy savings are possible with a continuously variable-speed motor, but the payback period is longer.) Source Opportunities for Energy Savings in the Residential and Commercial Sectors with High Efficiency Electric Motors. Based on upgrading installed motor base to maximum practical efficiency levels. Assuming average electric rate of 0.08/kWh. Using a 2-speed induction motor. (Somewhat higher energy savings are possible with a continuously variable-speed motor, but the payback period is longer.) Source Opportunities for Energy Savings in the Residential and Commercial Sectors with High Efficiency Electric Motors. Based on upgrading installed motor base to maximum practical efficiency levels. Assuming average electric rate of 0.08/kWh. Using a 2-speed induction motor. (Somewhat higher energy savings are possible with a continuously variable-speed motor, but the payback period is longer.) Source Opportunities for Energy Savings in the Residential and Commercial Sectors with High Efficiency Electric Motors. Based on upgrading installed motor base to maximum practical efficiency levels. Assuming average electric rate of 0.08/kWh. Using a 2-speed induction motor. (Somewhat higher energy savings are possible with a continuously variable-speed motor, but the payback period is longer.)
23

• The motor efficiency of most clothes washers is
  currently 65

24
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
25
ENERGY BALANCE FOR A TYPICAL PUMPING SYSTEM
26
EE OPPORTUNITIES ON PUMP

• Give efficiency of the pump due consideration
  while selecting a pump.
• Select pumps to match head flow requirements.
• Select a motor to match the load with high
  efficiency.
• Optimize the piping design.
• Monitor all important system parameters like
  motor kW, pump head, flow temperature.
• Use pumps in series and parallel so that mismatch
  in system design or variations in operating
  conditions can be handled properly.

27
Water supply accessories
28
EE TECHNOLOGY TAP WATERStandard Faucet Aerators
Standard Faucet Aerators These aerators deliver a strong spray, but help to control water consumption when the water is running. Both are chrome-plated aerators with solid brass bodies. For easy installation on most threaded faucets, they are dual threaded (with threads on both the inside and outside). The 1.5 gallon per minute (gpm) aerator is fine for use in bathroom sinks. The 2.5 gpm aerator is more appropriate for use in kitchen sinks.
29
EE TECHNOLOGY TAP WATERAerators with Flow Control
Aerators with Flow Control The shut-off controls on these aerators allow users to quickly and temporarily turn off the flow of water. This is especially useful in kitchen sinks, where users can have plenty of water when they need it, and minimal water flow when they don't. These aerators are dual threaded, and have solid brass chrome-plated bodies. The aerators are available with either a shut-off button or a flip shut-off lever.
30
EE TECHNOLOGYSpoiler Showerhead
     The adjustable non-aerating spray of these
showerheads maximizes energy savings, offering
both spray and massage settings. It is
constructed of a high impact white plastic with a
chrome plated brass collar. The showerhead offers
a maximum flow rate of 2.5 gallons per minute (at
80 psi). If you reduce your shower's water
consumption by only as little as 3.5 gallons per
minute (switching to a 2.5 gpm showerhead from a
6 gpm showerhead), and you typically take a 5
minute shower, your savings will total nearly
6400 gallons of water annually.
31
Toilets and Water Consumption

• Toilets consume a lot of water. Nearly all of
  this flush water starts as clean, drinkable
  water.
• Approximately an average household uses
  approximately 146,000 gallons (550,000 l) of
  water annually, 42 indoors and 58 outdoors.
• Toilets use an average of 20.1 gallons (76 l) of
  water per day, or 26.7 of total indoor water
  use.
• In homes with water-conserving fixtures, toilets
  use an average of 9.6 gallons (36 l) per day.

32
Toilets and Water Conservation- EE Tech Flush
Toilet

• Better gravity-flush toilets
• Many advances have been made to the gravity-flush
  toilet to ensure adequate performance with
  reduced water use.
• Bowls have been redesigned using advanced
  computer modeling to achieve better waste
  removal.
• Trapways (the S-shaped pipe through which the
  toilet bowl drains) have been redesigned.
• In most 1.6 gpf toilets today, only about half of
  the water in the tank empties during a flush the
  flapper closes before the tank is completely
  drained.
• By only partially emptying the tank, the full
  vertical head pressure of a larger tank is
  available for flushing force, yet water use is
  kept low.
• In addition, because the cold refill water is
  diluted, condensation on the outside of the tank
  (sweating)a common summertime problem in more
  humid regionsis minimized.

33
Toilets and Water Conservation

• A significant advance pioneered by Japanese
  toilet manufacturer Toto is a larger flush valve
  at the bottom of the toilet tank, which speeds
  the flow of water into the bowl (see
  illustration).
• The industry standard flush valve for nearly 100
  years has been 2 (50 mm) in diameter, resulting
  in a peak flow rate of no more than 30 gallons
  per minute (gpm) (135 lpm).
• In 1997, Toto introduced a 3 (75 mm) flush
  valve, speeding the peak flow rate to about 50
  gpm (230 lpm). The faster flow means a shorter
  duration and more effective flush.

34
Other EE features
35
Energy Efficient Office Equipment

• Energy Efficient Procurement
• Plug Loads
• Computer
• Monitor
• Printer
• Copier
• Fax

• Advantages with energy efficient equipment
• Reduced electricity load
• and
• Reduced cooling load

36
Energy Efficient Office Equipment

• Computers, printers, photocopiers and fax
  machines equipped with power management settings
  printers and photocopiers capable of double-sided
  printing.
• Benefits
• Computersreduces operating cost and energy
  consumptionoccasionally increases mobility (for
  example, laptop computers)Printers, Photocopiers,
  and Fax Machinesreduces paper and printing
  costsreduces filing spacereduces energy
  consumption

37
Energy Efficient Appliances

• Refrigerators/freezers, and air conditioners
  equipped with energy-efficient compressors,
  motors and heat transfer surfaces clothes and
  dishwashers that conserve water and energy.
• Benefitsreduces operating cost and energy
  consumptionreduces production of excess
  heatreduces hot water consumptionreduces wash
  cycle lengths

38
KESIMPULAN

• Senarai peralatan merangkumi
• Jumlah unit
• Kekadaran unit
• Masa operasi unit.
• Kedudukan unit
• Tarikh mula di gunakan
• Jadual penyelenggaraan

Penggunaan tenaga
Peluang Penjimatan Tenaga
39
Terima Kasih