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Arctic Coastal Dynamics (ACD)
overview, objectives, specific coastal erosion
models and their needs in terms of
waves/wind/temperature Volker Rachold, Alfred
Wegener Institute, Potsdam (Germany)
Circum-Arctic Coastal Photo Collection
www.awi-potsdam.de/acd
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Arctic Coastal Dynamics (ACD) OBJECTIVES, GOALS,
PRODUCTS

• Rates and Magnitudes of Erosion and Accumulation
• Sediment and Organic Carbon Input from Coastal
  Erosion
• Arctic Coastal Classification in Digital Form
• Long-term Monitoring at Key Sites
• Focused Research on Critical Processes
• Environmental Forcing Parameters
• Human Interactions
• Empirical Sensitivity Models

V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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Coastal Subdivisions by Arctic Shelf Seas
Sector Shoreline length (km)
CS Chukchi Sea 5,203
ES East Siberian Sea 3,500
LS Laptev Sea 7,931
KS Kara Sea 10,790
BS Barents Sea 6,176
GSCA Greenland Sea/Canadian Archipelago 4,378
CBS Canadian Beaufort Sea 3,787
USBS US Beaufort Sea 1,958
total 43,723
based on World Vector Shorelines, excluding
islands
V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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Segmentation and Classification Procedure
V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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field entry options entry options
primary_contact_person provide name and email provide name and email
regional_sea Chukchi SeaCS, East Siberian SeaESS, Laptev SeaLS, Kara SeaKS, Barents SeaBS, Greenland Sea/Canadian ArchipelagoGSCA, Beaufort SeaBS Chukchi SeaCS, East Siberian SeaESS, Laptev SeaLS, Kara SeaKS, Barents SeaBS, Greenland Sea/Canadian ArchipelagoGSCA, Beaufort SeaBS
onshore (direction landward from the sea) onshore (direction landward from the sea)
onshore_form deltad, lowland(lt10m)l, upland(10-500m)u, highland(gt500m)h, wetlandw deltad, lowland(lt10m)l, upland(10-500m)u, highland(gt500m)h, wetlandw
backshore (upper part of the active beach above the normal reach of the tides (high water), but affected by large waves occurring during a high water) backshore (upper part of the active beach above the normal reach of the tides (high water), but affected by large waves occurring during a high water)
backshore_form backshore_elevation backshore_material_1 backshore_material_2 backshore_comment cliffc, slopes, flatf, ridged/terracedr, anthropogenica, complicatedx in meters lithifiedl, unlithifiedu mud-dominatedm, sand-dominateds, gravel-dominatedg, diamictd, organico, mixtures e.g mg, sg text to be added if backshore_formr or backshore_formx cliffc, slopes, flatf, ridged/terracedr, anthropogenica, complicatedx in meters lithifiedl, unlithifiedu mud-dominatedm, sand-dominateds, gravel-dominatedg, diamictd, organico, mixtures e.g mg, sg text to be added if backshore_formr or backshore_formx
shore (strip of ground bordering the sea which is alternately exposed, or covered by tides and/or waves) shore (strip of ground bordering the sea which is alternately exposed, or covered by tides and/or waves)
shore_form beach_form shore_material_1 shore_material_2 shore_comment beachb, shore terracet, cliffc, complicatedx fringingf, barrierb, spits (to be filled if shore_formb) lithifiedl, unlithifiedu mud-dominatedm, sand-dominateds, gravel-dominatedg, diamictd, organico, mixtures e.g mg, sg text to be added if shore_form x beachb, shore terracet, cliffc, complicatedx fringingf, barrierb, spits (to be filled if shore_formb) lithifiedl, unlithifiedu mud-dominatedm, sand-dominateds, gravel-dominatedg, diamictd, organico, mixtures e.g mg, sg text to be added if shore_form x
offshore offshore
depth_closure distance_2m_isobath distance_5m_isobath distance_10m_isobath distance_100m_isobath offshore_material in meters (if available) in meters (if available) in meters (if available) in meters (if available) in meters (if available) mud-dominatedm, sand-dominateds, gravel-dominatedg, diamictd, organico, mixtures e.g mg, sg in meters (if available) in meters (if available) in meters (if available) in meters (if available) in meters (if available) mud-dominatedm, sand-dominateds, gravel-dominatedg, diamictd, organico, mixtures e.g mg, sg
ACD Coastal Classification
V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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field entry options entry options
general general
ground_ice_1 ground_ice_2 ground_ice_comment change_rate change_rate_interval dynamic_process dry_bulk_density organic_C soil_organic_C low(2-20)l, medium(20-50)m, high(gt50)h in total volume of shoreline (best guess!) text to be added if ground ice template was filled out in meter/year (erosionminus, accumulationplus) in years (years of observation, e.g. 1956-1999) erosivee, stables, accumulativea (interpretation, only to be filled out if change rate is not available) in t/m3 (if no data available use clay1.3, silt1.5, sand2, or mixtures, e.g. silty sand1.8) in weight (best guess!) in kg/m2 (if available) low(2-20)l, medium(20-50)m, high(gt50)h in total volume of shoreline (best guess!) text to be added if ground ice template was filled out in meter/year (erosionminus, accumulationplus) in years (years of observation, e.g. 1956-1999) erosivee, stables, accumulativea (interpretation, only to be filled out if change rate is not available) in t/m3 (if no data available use clay1.3, silt1.5, sand2, or mixtures, e.g. silty sand1.8) in weight (best guess!) in kg/m2 (if available)
environmental environmental
glacier_ice sea_level_change tidal_range meteorol_tidal_range mean_freezeup_date mean_breakup open_water_length landfast_ice_min landfast_ice_max open_water_max open_water_mean open_water_min floatingf or groundedg in centimeters per hundred years (if available) (negative for submergence) in meters (if available) in meters (if available) (positve and negative storm surge) Julian day (if available) Julian day (if available) days (if available) in km (if available) in km (if available) in km (if available) in km (if available) in km (if available) floatingf or groundedg in centimeters per hundred years (if available) (negative for submergence) in meters (if available) in meters (if available) (positve and negative storm surge) Julian day (if available) Julian day (if available) days (if available) in km (if available) in km (if available) in km (if available) in km (if available) in km (if available)
data_sources text (provide the sources or references(citation) of used information, i.e. published, unpublished observations or reports) text (provide the sources or references(citation) of used information, i.e. published, unpublished observations or reports)
comments text (space for additional comments) text (space for additional comments)
ACD Coastal Classification (2)
V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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(A) Background Data
Digital Elevation Model (International
Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean IBCAO)
V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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• Background Data
• Permafrost Characteristics
• (Circumpolar Active-Layer Permafrost System CAPS)

V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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• Background Data
• Vegetation
• (Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map)

V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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• (B) Environmental Data
• Melt Season Start Day 1950
• (ACD Data)

V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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• (B) Environmental Data
• Melt Season Start Day 2003
• (ACD Data)

V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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• (B) Environmental Data
• Melt Season Start Day
• 2003-1950
• (ACD Data)

V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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• (C) Coastal Data
• Shoreline
• (World Vector Shoreline)

V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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• (C) Coastal Data
• Shoreline Segmentation
• (ACD data)

V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
15

• (C) Coastal Data
• Shoreline Segments (Polygons)
• (ACD data)

V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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• (C) Coastal Data
• Backshore Elevation (m)
• (ACD data)

V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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• (C) Coastal Data
• Coastal ChangeRate (m)
• (ACD data)

V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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• (C) Coastal Data
• Organic Carbon Concentration ()
• (ACD data)

V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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GIS Based Quantification of the Sediment and
Organic Carbon Flux from Coastal Erosion
SF sediment flux OCF organic carbon flux l
shoreline length h cliff height crr coastal
retreat rate IC ice content d dry bulk
density OC TOC concentration
V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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Jorgenson and Brown 2005
V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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Coastal Dynamics as a Function of Environmental
Forcing and Coastal Geology and Morphology
V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
22
Arctic Coastal Models
Type of Model Example Model Input
Morphodynamic Leontyev 2004 bathymetry, sediment characteristics wind and wave parameters
Storm Surge Kobayashi et al. 1999 storm surge elevation and duration, cliff height, seawater temperature and salinity, sediment characteristics, wave conditions
Block Failure Hoque and Pollard 2005 temperature, soil properties, position and depth of thermoerosional niche and nearest ice wedge
Wave Energy Ogorodov 2002 Francis-Chythlook 2005 wind, fetch, bathymetry
Stochastic(Markov chain) Ostroumov et al. 2005 erosion rates (time series)
Permafrost Distribution Romanovsky et al. 2005 permafrost physical and thermal properties, geothermal heat flux, paleotemperatures
Sediment Transport (Commercial Models,e.g. Delft3D) Peckham 2002 wind, waves, tides, currents, bathymetry, sediment characteristics(special subroutines have to be developed to include sea-ice processes)
V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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Expedition COAST 1 April 2005 Volker Rachold1,
Waldemar Schneider1, Ralf Junker2, Mikhail
Grigoriev3, Victor Kunitsky3 und Dmitry
Bolshiyanov4
1 AWI, Potsdam 2 Bremen University 3 Permafrost
Institute, Yakutsk 4 AARI, St. Petersburg
V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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Schematic map of relic offshore ice bearing
permafrost thickness on the East Siberian Arctic
Shelf (Simulation for geothermal heat flux of 45
mW/m2) Permafrost distribution model by
Romanovsky et al. 2005
Ice bearing permafrost thickness m 1-
discontinuous, 100 and less 2- 100-200 3- 200-
300 4- 300-400 5- 400-600
6- 100-600 in rifts with open taliks 7- open
taliks following large tectonic fractures 8-
coastal permafrost thickness 9- Arctic Shelf
boundary
V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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Transition of Onshore to Offshore Permafrost in
the Arctic Coastal Zone
Concept of a Coastal Drilling Program in the
Western Laptev Sea German-Russian Expedition
COAST 1 (April/May 2005)
V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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Coastal Permafrost Drilling in the Laptev Sea
V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
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5th ACD Workshop Montreal 2004
3rd ACD Workshop - Oslo 2002

• International Arctic Science Committee (IASC)
• International Permafrost Association (IPA)
• Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and
  International Trade (DFAIT)
• Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
• National Science Foundation Study of the
  Northern Alaska Coastal System (SNACS)
• INTAS (Open Call 2001-2329 and INTAS Open Call
  2001-2332)
• International Arctic Research Center (IARC)
  grant Analysis of Coastal Meteorological and
  Oceanographic Forcing in the Arctic Basin
• German Ministry for Education and Research /
  Russian Ministry for Research and Technology
  grant Permafrost Dynamics in the Laptev Sea

4th ACD Workshop - St. Petersburg 2003
Acknowledgements
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(No Transcript)
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Arctic Coastal Models
Type of Model Example Model Input
Morphodynamic Leontyev 2004 bathymetry, sediment characteristics wind and wave parameters
Storm Surge Kobayashi et al. 1999 storm surge elevation and duration, cliff height, seawater temperature and salinity, sediment characteristics, wave conditions
Block Failure Hoque and Pollard 2005 temperature, soil properties, position and depth of thermoerosional niche and nearest ice wedge
Wave Energy Ogorodov 2002 Francis-Chythlook 2005 wind, fetch, bathymetry
Stochastic(Markov chain) Ostroumov et al. 2005 erosion rates (time series)
Permafrost Distribution Romanovsky et al. 2005 permafrost physical and thermal properties, geothermal heat flux, paleotemperatures
Sediment Transport (Commercial Models,e.g. Delft3D) Peckham 2002 wind, waves, tides, currents, bathymetry, sediment characteristics(special subroutines have to be developed to include sea-ice processes)
V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
35
Structure and output of the morphodynamic model
by Leontyev (2004)
V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
36
Vertical cliff with horizontal niche and ice
wedge block failure model by Hoque and Pollard
2005
V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage
37
Simulated and measured sequences of the coastline
retreat rates, monitoring profile 1, key site
Marre-Sale Markov Chain stochastic model by
Ostroumov et al. 2005
V. Rachold -Arctic Coastal Dynamcis (ACD) Alaskan
Coastal Climatologies Wind and Wave Hindcast
Workshop 2-3 August 2005, Anchorage