Kingdom Plantae

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Kingdom Plantae

• CH 22-25

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General Characteristics

• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular ?organized into tissues, organs,
  and organ systems
• Cell Wall
• Autotrophs ? contain chloroplasts
• Sexual Reproduction

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Uses of Plants

• We use plants for
• Food
• Building
• Medicines
• Clothes
• Stopping erosion
• Fuel
• Noise reduction
• And many more things

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Origin of Plants

• Probably descendants of green algae (Protists)
• Algae always live in water, which supports
  nutrient transport absorption, stable
  environment, gamete transfer development, and
  structural support.

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Origin (continued)

• Life on land requires many adaptations
• Protection from drying out
• Gas exchange with surrounding air
• Movement of water nutrients through
  multicellular body (transport)
• Support to grow upright on land

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Plant Life Cycle

• Plants have life cycles that are characterized by
  alternation of generations
• In this life cycle, the haploid gametophyte phase
  alternates with the diploid sporophyte phase
• A gametophyte is a haploid, or gamete-producing,
  phase of an organism
• A sporophyte is a diploid, or spore-producing,
  phase of an organism

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Alternation of Generations
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Adaptations Specialized Structures

• Cuticle a waxy layer from the outer epidermis
  of the plant surface that prevents water loss to
  the external environment (osmosis)
• Stomata small openings on the leaf surface to
  allow gas exchange (CO2 enters ? O2 released in
  photosynthesis) and water exchange.

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Adaptations (continued)

• Guard Cells surround the stomata to control the
  opening and closing of the pore
• Vascular tissues tubes that allow transport of
  water and nutrients to different parts of the
  plant from vascular bundles throughout the plant
• Xylem
• Phloem
• Cambium

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Vascular Tissues

• Xylem transports water minerals up from the
  roots throughout the plant.
• Phloem transports food (sugars) from the leaves
  stems, where it is made, to other parts for use
  or storage.
• Cambium produces new xylem phloem.

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More Adaptations

• Cell Walls rigid structure provides structural
  support for growth on land.
• Roots specialized tissues (usually underground)
  that absorb water minerals, anchor the plant
  for upward growth, and store food as starch
• Root hairs extensions that increase absorption
• Stems tissues that support the above-ground
  parts of the plant and allow movement of
  materials between leaves and roots. Also stores
  food.

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Adaptations (continued)

• Flower assists in pollination process by
  attracting birds insects with color or scent.
  Contains the male and female reproductive organs.
• Sepal protects the young bud
• Petal attracts pollinators, serves as a landing
  pad
• Stamen male reproductive organ
• Anther produces male gametes (pollen)
• Filament supports anther

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More on the flower

• Pistil female reproductive organ
• Ovary swollen base of the pistil where ovules
  (eggs) are produced
• Style neck of the pistil, allows for sperm
  transfer to ovary
• Stigma sticky or rough surface at the tip of
  the style

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Seeds

• A plant embryo with a food supply enclosed in a
  tough, protective coat allows for success
  through harsh conditions
• Embryo early developmental stage of the
  sporophyte plant
• Seed coat - surrounds and protects the embryo and
  keeps the contents of the seed from drying out
• Cotyledon - food source for seeds

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Seed
Seeds are ripened ovaries!!!
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Reproduction Free From Water

• Adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce
  without water include
• flowers or cones
• the transfer of sperm by pollination
• the protection of embryos in seeds

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Cones Flowers

• The gametophytes of seed plants grow and mature
  within sporophyte structures called cones or
  flowers
• Cones are the seed-bearing structures of
  gymnosperms
• Flowers are the seed-bearing structures of
  angiosperms

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• In seed plants, the entire male gametophyte is
  contained in a tiny structure called a pollen
  grain
• The pollen grain is carried to the female
  gametophyte by wind, insects, birds, small
  animals, or bats
• The transfer of pollen from the male gametophyte
  to the female gametophyte is called pollination

Pollen
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Kingdom Plantae

• Day 2

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Classification within the Kingdom

• Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes)
• Vascular Plants
• Seedless
• Seed-bearing

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Nonvascular Plants - Bryophytes

• Lack the specialized tissues to transport water
• Individuals are very small
• Only a few cells thick to allow diffusion of
  nutrients and water
• Grow in clumps or carpets in very moist
  environments
• Examples
• Mosses
• Liverworts
• Hornworts

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Mosses

• The most common bryophytes are mosses
• They grow abundantly in areas with water
• They can tolerate cold climates well
• They do not have true roots, stems, or leaves
  instead, they have rhizoids (long, thin cells)
  that anchor them to the ground

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Liverworts

• Liverworts are Bryophytes that produce gametes in
  structures that look like little green umbrellas
  during sexual reproduction
• Liverworts can also reproduce asexually by means
  of gemmae (small cup-like spheres that contain
  haploid cells)

SEXUAL
ASEXUAL
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Hornworts

• Hornworts are generally found only in soil that
  is damp nearly year round
• Their gametophytes look like those of liverworts

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Vascular Plants

• Have tube-like tissues to transport water and
  nutrients
• Requires development of different tissues (roots,
  stem, leaves) for success on land
• Allows for upright growth development into
  complex organisms
• Simple examples (seedless)? club moss,
  horsetails, ferns
• Require growth in moist environments for sperm
  dispersal, produces spores

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Club Mosses

• These are small plants that live in moist
  woodlands and near streambeds and marshes
• Lycopodium is the most common club moss today
  it looks like a mini pine tree

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Horsetails

• The only living genus of horsetails is Equisetum
• Its leaves are arranged in distinctive whorls at
  joints along the stem

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Ferns

• Ferns are members of the phylum Pterophyta
• They have creeping or underground stems called
  rhizomes and large leaves called fronds
• They are most abundant in wet habitats

rhizome
frond
roots
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Life Cycle of Ferns
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Complex Vascular Plants (seed-bearing)

• Complex examples are divided by flower production
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms

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Gymnosperms

• Non-flowering vascular plants (cone-bearing)
• Leaves are in the form of needles or scales
• Seeds are not enclosed in fruit
• Many produce cones to protect seeds (conifers)
• Do not produce flowers
• Sperm is protected in a hard coat (pollen) and
  are dispersed by wind
• Very hard cell walls allow for tall growth (woody
  tissue)
• Examples ? cycads, pine, fir, spruce, red wood

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Examples of Gymnosperms
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Angiosperms

• Flowering plants
• Seeds are enclosed in fruit, a ripened ovary
• Leaves are flat
• Have woody and non-woody stems
• Divided into 2 groups based on the number of
  cotyledons (leaf-like parts of the plant embryo
  in the seed)
• Monocots
• Dicots

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Examples of Angiosperms
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Monocots

• One cotyledon on seed
• Flower parts in multiples of 3
• Vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem
• Parallel veins in narrow leaves
• Fibrous roots ? roots that grow out where no
  single root is longer than the rest.
• Examples? grasses, corn, rice, oats, wheat, tulips

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Dicots

• Two cotyledons on seed
• Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5
• Vascular bundles form a ring in the stem
• Branching, netlike veins in broad leaves
• Tap roots ? where the primary root is long and
  grows deeper than the rest
• Examples ? oak maple trees, garden flowers,
  beans, fruit trees, broccoli, carrots

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Characteristics of Monocots Dicots