Transportaci

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Transportación y Calentamiento Global

• Dr. Sandra Cruz-Pol
• Professor Electrical and Computer Engineering
• PI, Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of
  the Atmosphere (CASA)
• UPRM Campus Verde

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• Esta información se encuentra en
• www.uprm.edu/campusverde

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En estas gráficas se compara los eventos
naturales y antropogénicos con las medidas reales.
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Les invito a contar los conductores en las mañanas

• Para meditar

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(No Transcript)
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Emisiones de gases CO2, N2O y otros GHG

• Terrestre
• China adiós a las bicicletas
• Autos, transporte en masa trenes, buses
• Barcos de carga mercancía importada
• Aviones los que menos contribuyen aGHG
• Soluciones
• Tecnologías MPG in Japan and about Electric,
  Hybrids, H, smartCar, biofuel
• Cities renting bikes and cars on the spot
• UN Uchicago Reports,
• Surprising Climate Impact Larger than
  Transportation

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Transport increases with Economic Development
around the World

• Petroleum that supplies 95 of the total energy
  used by world transport.
• In 2004, transport was responsible for 23 of
  world energy-related GHG emissions with about ¾
  coming from road vehicles.

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Autos/persona

• Vehicle ownership as a function of per capita
  income
• Data source World Bank, 2004.

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More cars than people?

• Worldwide
• 1950 - 50 million vehicles
• 1997 580 million vehicles
• 5x faster growth than population
• In China, vehicle sales (not including scooters,
  motorcycles and locally manufactured rural
  vehicles) have increased from
• 2001- 2.4 million
• 2005 -5.6 million
• 2006 - 7.2 million

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Rail transport

• Rail transport is one of the most energy
  efficient modes today
• Further efficiency improvements
• Reduced aerodynamic drag
• lower train weight
• regenerative breaking
• higher efficiency propulsion systems

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Ships

• Around 90 of global merchandise is transported
  by sea
• For many countries sea transport represents the
  most important mode of transport for trade
• Shipping has potential for up to 40 increased
  efficiency.

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Airplanes

• Passenger airplanes today are 70 more fuel
  efficient than 40 years ago continued
  improvement is expected.
• A 50 improvement over 1997 aircraft efficiency
  is likely by 2050 .
• Sulfure emissions (-)
• Still potential novel designs such as blended
  wing body, or propulsion systems such as the
  inducted turbofan.

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In order to reduce emissions from air and marine
transport

• new policy frameworks need to be developed.
• Now we have a voluntary scheme.
• Other policies would include international
  emissions trading schemes, fuel taxes and
  regulatory instruments

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Some Solutions

• Biofuels have the potential to replace a part of
  petroleum use by transport. (caña, algas,
  hibiscos)
• Recent IEA estimates that biofuels share of
  transport fuel could increase to about 10 in
  2030.
• Public transports systems and promoting
  non-motorized transport whenever possible.
• Renting cars/bikes on the spot
• Large increases in prices or taxes
• Many countries do heavily tax motor fuels and
  have lower rates of fuel consumption

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The Best Policy Choice

• varies across regions
• levels of economic development,
• the nature of economic activity,
• geography,
• population density
• culture
• all influence the effectiveness and desirability
  of policies affecting modal choices,
  infrastructure investments and transport demand
  management measures

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EPA about cars

• (Environmental Protection Agency) in 2005
• New cars MPG would have been 24 higher had the
  cars remained at the weight and performance
  distribution it had in 1987.
• US cars cannot be sold in Japan!

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Petroleum Production Peak

• There is an on-going debate about the date when
  conventional oil production will peak, with many
  arguing that this will occur within the next few
  decade!
• Politically unstable countries

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MPG miles per gallon

• U.S. transportation is responsible for about a
  1/3 of countrys climate-changing emissions.
• Compared to 15-23 globally (cars, trucks,
  airplanes, ships, and other vehicles.)
• Need to Regulate greenhouse gas emissions from
  vehicles and raise national fuel economy
  standards

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MPG miles per gallon

• Typical 17 MPG
• with driving tricks on next slide
• 27 MPG
• With driving tricks AND a Prius
• 120 MPG

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Mejora tu MPG

• Usa aceleración mínima
• Guía menos, combina viajes
• No dejes auto prendido gt 1min
• Remueve exceso de equipaje
• Estaciona en la sombra
• Mantén auto tune-up gomas infladas
• Considera un auto Híbrido
• Apaga A/C cuesta arriba cuando está fresco
• Evita hoyos y muertos
• Usa cambios Overdrive
• www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/fuel_economy/practic
  al-driving-tips.html
• Cada milla ahorra 20 libras de CO2 de ser
  emitidas al aire!

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a qué velocidad guío?

• Respeta máximo de velocidad, y ahorrarás

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Who killed the electric car?

• 0-60mph in 3.8 seconds!
• 125 MPG equivalence!
• Too clean!
• Destroyed in 1996
• Watch trailer

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Future
Advanced technologies that provide great promise
include greater use of electric-drive
technologies, including hybrid-electric power
trains, battery electric vehicles. The use of
alternative fuels such as natural gas, biofuels,
electricity and hydrogen, in combination with
improved conventional and advanced technologies
provide the potential for even larger reductions.
Plug-in hybrids Battery electric Small
2-passenger Hybrid electric/gasoline
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Carros Híbridos

• Highlander Hybrid
• 25-40 mpg
• Toyota Prius
• 45-60 mpg
• Now other hybrids electric
• Hummer
• 3-12 mpg

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Hydrogen car 400,000?!
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Trivia qué produce más emisiones de gases de
invernadero autos/camiones o consumo de carne ?

• Según reportes de las Naciones Unidas, de EPA, y
  estudios de U Chicago, dejar de comer carne es
  mejor para el planeta que si quitáramos todos los
  autos y camiones del mundo!
• 2006 United Nations report found that the meat
  industry produces more greenhouse gases than all
  the SUVs, cars, trucks, planes, and ships in the
  world combined.
• Due to deforestation, water use, flatulence,
  transport, and other processes involved in
  livestock industry.

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So

• Si no tienes para un Prius, y quieres ayudar al
  planeta ( y a tu salud)
• Come menos carne o se vegetariano.
• ?

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Climate Change effects

• Flooded roads and subways
• deformed railroad tracks
• weakened bridges
• Lost of permafrost
• Expensive travelling
• Cost of products
• Adverse weather
• Ex. In Holland, 1986-2004,
• loss in waterway transport
• due to low water level 21M

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Many new technologies Seattle, WA
Concreto Poroso El Concreto Poroso es resistente
pero a la vez deja pasar el agua a través de la
superficie. Eso es importante en sitios donde
llueve mucho. Filtración Natural Se traduce en
agua menos contaminada que llega a los
acueductos, a riachuelos y a cuerpos de agua
subterráneos.
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Proverbio Nativo-americano No heredamos la
Tierra de nuestros
ancestros.La tomamos prestada
de nuestros hijos.
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http//uprm.edu/campusverde
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• References
• www.ipcc.ch
• "Global Warming Methane," U.S. EPA, 8 Mar. 2006.
  
• World Business Council for Sustainable
  Development Mobility 2001 (2002), prepared by MIT
  and Charles River Associates Inc.
• Automotive News Data Center www.autonews.com/apps
  /pbcs.dll/search?CategoryDATACENTER01archive
• Andrew Pierce, "Global Warming Is Mankinds
  Greatest Challenge, Says Prince," The Times 28
  Oct. 2005.
• http//ldesign.wordpress.com/2007/01/29/55/GW1Pa
  rt6
• www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/climate_law_i
  nstitute/transportation_and_global_warming
• http//www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID20772
  CrglobalCr1environment
• H. Steinfeld et al., Livestock's Long Shadow
  Environmental Issues and Options, Livestock,
  Environment and Development (2006).
• "Sources and Emissions Methane," U.S.
  Environmental Protection Agency, 2 Jun. 2006.
• International Council on Clean Transportation
  (ICCT).