Skeletal System

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Skeletal System
Clinical Applications
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Osteoporosis

• 20 million people suffer from it (250,000 hip
  fractures a year)
• Decreased bone mass
• Increased susceptibility to fracture
• Hormones effect osteoblast production
• Afflicts entire skeletal system

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Risk factors

• Body build (shorter females at greater risk)
• Weight (adipose produces estrone)
• Smoking (decreases estrogen levels)
• Calcium deficiency or malabsorption
• Vitamin D deficiency
• Exercise (sedentary more at risk)
• Certain drugs (alcohol, diuretics, cortisone,
  tetracycline)
• Premature menopause
• Family history

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Paget's Disease

• Accelerated remodeling of bone tissue
• Osteoclast resorption massive
• Osteoblast formation extensive
• Irregular thickening and softening of bones
• Greatly increased vascularity, especially in
  skull, pelvis, and extremities

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TMJ

• Temporomandibular joint disease
• Often caused by trauma to jaw joints, genetics,
  or dental procedures
• Symptoms include facial pain, headaches, grinding
  of teeth, popping of jaw, and swallowing
  difficulties
• Not well defined in medical community

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Epidural anesthesia

• Repeated doses of a local anesthetic in the
  epidural space of he spinal area
• Produces almost pain-free awake state throughout
  labor and birth

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Advantages

• Freedom from pain during labor and birth
• Does not produce drowsiness
• Little medication reaches baby
• May provide extra confidence

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Disadvantages

• May slow labor
• Must remain in bed
• IV required
• Frequent monitoring required
• Catheterization required
• Probable forcep delivery
• Can interfere with maternal-infant bonding
• Totally dependant on hospital staff
• Extremely rare, serious risks to spine

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Kyphosis

• Exaggeration of the thoracic curve

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What causes kyphosis?

• Tuberculosis of spine-
• vertebral bodies partially collapse
• Degeneration of discs
• Rickets (lack of vitamin C)
• Poor posture
• Advanced osteoporosis

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Lordosis

• Exaggeration of the lumbar curve

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What causes lordosis?

• Result of increased weight gain
• Pregnancy or extreme obesity
• Poor posture
• Rickets
• Tuberculosis of spine

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Scoliosis

• Lateral bending of the vertebral column

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What causes scoliosis?

• Congenital malformed vertebrae (birth defect)
• Chronic sciatica (pain down leg)
• Paralysis of muscles on one side of backbone
• Poor posture
• One leg shorter than other

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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

• median nerve which runs through wrist to hand
  becomes compressed
• involves narrow bony passage in wrist called
  carpal tunnel, through which nine tendons and
  median nerve must pass

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Flatfoot

• Bones composing arch of foot held by ligaments
  and tendons
• Weakened ligaments and tendons causes arch to
  fall
• Caused by excessive weight, postural
  abnormalities, weakened tissue, and genetic
  disposition

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Bunion

• Deformity of great toe
• Lateral division of proximal phalanx
• Can be inherited or caused by tight fitting shoes