Cellular organelles

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Cellular organelles

• Chapter 2 Lesson 2 Part 2

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cytoplasm

• All the material, except the nucleus cellular
  boundaries, inside a cell.
• It is a thick fluid that contains cytoplasmic
  organelles (parts of a cell that carry on many of
  the functions needed to keep the cell alive).

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cytoplasm
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mitochondria

• nicknamed "the powerhouse of the cell
• bean-shaped or rod-shaped structures made of two
  layers of unit membranes

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mitochondria

• the outer membrane is smooth
• inner membrane is folded repeatedly into ridges
  the folds are called cristae. On the inner
  membrane are the enzymes that release usable
  energy (ATP) from small food molecules

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mitochondria
where energy-releasing reactions occur
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mitochondria
Depending upon the energy demands of the cell,
the mitochondria many be large and numerous with
many cristae (as in muscle cells) or they may be
small and relatively few with only a few cristae.
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Muscle cell mitochondria
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Endoplasmic reticulum

• The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of
  tubules and flattened sacs that serve a variety
  of functions in the cell. (it connects the
  nuclear envelope to the cell membrane)
• There are two regions of the ER that differ in
  both structure and function.

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Endoplasmic reticulum

• rough ER - ER with ribosomes attached (site of
  protein production)
• smooth ER - ER lacking ribosomes (It makes
  lipids like cholesterol and helps remove harmful
  substances from a cell)

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Endoplasmic reticulum
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Ribosomes

• a cellular organelle that directs the assembling
  of proteins
• nickname "protein factories
• function - protein synthesis (direct the
  assembling of proteins)

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Ribosomes

• found on ER and scattered throughout the
  cytoplasm
• gets coded instructions from nucleus for making
  proteins

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Liver Cell Ribosomes
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Golgi Apparatus

• The Golgi apparatus prepares proteins for their
  specific functions and packages the proteins into
  vesicles.
• first seen in 1898 by Camillo Golgi

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Golgi body
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Vacuoles

• a membrane-bound sac that contains food, water,
  wastes, or other materials within a cell
• nickname "containers of the cell"
• small vacuoles are sometimes called vesicles

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vesicles

• Vesicles are organelles that transport
  substances from one area of a cell to another
  area of a cell.

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Vacuoles
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Lysosomes

• an organelle that contains digestive enzymes
• digest invading substances or large food
  substances occasionally its enzymes destroy old
  or no longer needed cellular structures
  (demolition crew)

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Lysosomes
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Chloroplasts

• a cellular organelle that contains
  chlorophyll(other pigments are in plastids)
• the organelle in which photosynthesis occurs

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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles that
use light energy and make fooda sugar called
glucosefrom water and carbon dioxide through the
process of photosynthesis.
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Chloroplasts
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nucleus

• sometimes called "the control center of the
  cell"
• the cellular region that contains the
  chromosomes

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Nuclear envelope
The nucleus has a double unit membrane around it
called the nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope.
The nuclear envelope is a porous, two-membrane
structure that surrounds the nucleus.
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nucleus
The nuclear envelope has large pores - permitting
the passage of material between the cytoplasm and
nucleoplasm.
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nucleoplasm
protein rich fluid inside the nuclear envelope
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DNA
the nucleic acid that carries genetic information
DNA in the nucleus is organized into structures
called chromosomes.
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nucleus

• Inside the nucleus are chromosomes - contains
  the coded information for making various parts of
  the cell.
• Chromosomes are made up of a chemical called
  deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

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nucleolus
looks like a nucleus inside the nucleus
(structure where ribosomes are assembled)
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Liver cell nucleus
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Organelles that manufacure

• Ribosomes
• Smooth ER

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Organelles for processing energy

• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts

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Organelles for processing, storing, and
transporting molecules

• Golgi apparatus
• Vesicles
• Vacuoles

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Cell organelles