Introduzione alla logistica

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Introduzione alla logistica
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Definition of Logistics

• European Logistics Association (ELA)
• The planning, execution and control of the
  movements and placement of people and/or goods,
  and the supporting activities related to such
  movement and placement within a system organized
  to achieve specific objectives.

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Popular logistics terms

• Logistics Management
• Business Logistics Management
• Integrated Logistics Management
• Materials Management
• Physical Distribution Management
• Marketing Logistics
• Industrial Logistics

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Civil logistics fields

• Logistica industriale (business logistics)
• Logistica delle rinfuse (bulk logistics)
• Logistica del progetto (project logistics)
• Logistica dei Sistemi Riparabili (RAM logistics)
• Logistica degli eventi (Event logistics)
• Logistica dei servizi (Service Logistics)

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Business Logistics Logistica Industriale

• Council of Logistics Management (USA)
• That part of the supply chain process that plans,
  implements, and controls the efficient, effective
  flow and storage of goods, services, and related
  information from point of origin to point of
  consumption in order to meet customers'
  requirements."

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Logistics systems
A logistics system is made up of a set of
facilities (nodes) linked by transport services
(links) and information systems. Facilities are
sites where materials are processed, e.g.
manufactured, stored, sorted, sold or consumed.
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Nodes and links in a logistics system
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Global flows, nodes and networks
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A logistics system
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A global logistics system
Consolidator/freight forwarder, 3PL
Manufacturer
Port trucking
Home
Small parcel delivery
Warehouse 3PL, deconsolidator, wholesaler, DC
Retailer
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Facilities and transport
They include manufacturing and assembly centers,
warehouses, distribution centers (DCs),
transshipment points, transport terminals, retail
outlets, mail sorting centers, garbage
incinerators, dump sites, etc. Transport services
move materials between facilities using vehicles
and equipment such as trucks, tractors, trailers,
crews, pallets, containers, cars and trains.
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Supply Chain Management SCM
Logistics focuses attention on coordinating the
product, the information movement and the flow
activities of an individual firms Supply chain
management is an expanded version of the
logistics process that integrates product,
information and cash flows among organization
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Significance of logistics

• Logistics is one of the most important activities
  in modern societies.
• It has been estimated that the total logistics
  cost incurred by USA organizations in 2006 was
  1,305 billion, corresponding to approximately
  9,9 of the USA Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

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The U.S. Business Logistics System Cost Billions
Inventory Carrying Costs 446
Transport Costs 801
Shipper Related Costs 8
Logistics Administration 50
Total Logistics Costs 1,305
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Inventory Carrying Costs B
Interest 93
Taxes, Obsolescence, Depreciation, Insurance 252
Warehousing 101
Subtotal 446
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Transport Costs Billions
Motor Carriers Truck Intercity Truck Local 452 203
Subtotal 635
Other Carriers Railroads Water Oil Pipelines Air Forwarders 54 37 10 38 27
Subtotal 166
Total 801
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Logistics Cost as a of GDP
10.2 10.2 10.1 9.9 10.3 9.5 8.8 8.6
8.8 9.4 9.9
1996 1998 2000 2002
2004 2006
Source 18th Annual State of Logistics Report,
2007
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Trend of logistics costs (US GDP)
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Logistics and Economy

• Logistics is an important component of Gross
  Domestic product GDP.
• The range is from 10 20 of GDP.
• Logistics adds value by creating utility.
• Utility is the value that an item or service has
  in fulfilling a want or need.

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Trend of Logistics Costs

• Logistics costs as a percentage of GDP have
  declined in US from 16 percent in 1980, to under
  10 percent in 1999.
• Early to mid-1970s saw the figure closer to 20
  percent.
• This reflects a serious improvement in the
  efficiency of logistics systems.

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Total Business Inventories
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Inventory Sales Ratio
Months of supply
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Inventories are back down
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Inventory as of GDP

Year
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Utility Creation in the Economy
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Types of Utility

• Form utility is the process of creating the good
  or service, or putting it in the proper form for
  the customer to use.
• Possession utility is the value added to a item
  or service because the customer is able to take
  actual possession made possible by credit
  arrangements, loans and so on.

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Type of Utility related to logistics

• A product desired by consumers is in transit, in
  a warehouse or in another store, it does not
  create any utility for them, it needs two more
  utilities provided by logistics
• time utility is the value added by having a
  product or service when it is needed in the
  marketplace or within the organization
• place utility, which means having the item or
  service available where it is needed.

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The Seven Rights of Logistics

• The right product, publicized with the proper
  promotion and needed for consumption or
  production in the right quantity, must be to the
  right place at the right time in the right
  condition at the right cost for the right
  customer.

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Key logistics activities

• Customer service
• Demand forecasting/planning
• Inventory management
• Logistics ICT
• Material handling
• Order processing
• Packaging

• Parts and service support
• Plant and warehouse site selection
• Procurement
• Return goods handling
• Reverse logistics
• Traffic and transport
• Warehousing and storage

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Marketing
Place/customer service level
Logistica
Il marketing massimizza i profitti aziendali La
logistica minimizza i costi totali dati gli
obiettivi di servizio al cliente
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Costi del Marketing
Product/Service
Price
Promotion
Place/customer service level
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Logistics Costs
Luogo/livello di servizio cliente Place/customer
service level
Materiale inventariato Inventory carrying costs
Trasporto Transport
Acquisto/produzione lotti Procurement/Lot prod.
Magazzino Wharehouse
esecuzione ordine e informazione Order processing
and information
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Luogo/livello di servizio clientePlace/customer
service level

• Servizio al cliente Customer service
• Assistenza ricambi e servizi Parts and service
  support
• Sostituzione prodotti in garanzia Return goods
  handling

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Costi del materiale inventariatoInventory
carrying costs

• Gestione delle scorte Inventory management
• Imballaggi Packaging
• Smaltimento rifiuti o riciclaggio di materiale di
  scarto Reverse logistics

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Costi di acquisto/produzione lottiProcurement/lot
production costs

• Movimentazione materiali Material
  Handling
• Approvvigionamenti Procurement

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The setup cost of lot quantity

• Time required to set up a line or locate a
  supplier and place an order
• Scrap due to setting up the production line
• operating inefficiency as the line begins to run,
  or as a new suppliers is brought on board

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Other components of lot quantity costs

• Capacity lost due to downtime during changeover
  of line or changeover to a new supplier
• material handling, scheduling and expediting
• price differentials due to buying in different
  quantities
• order costs associated with order placement and
  handling

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Costi di trasportoTransport costs

• Trasporto dal punto di origine al punto di
  consumo
• Trasporto rifiuti al punto di smaltimento
• Trasporto del materiale di scarto al punto di
  riciclaggio

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Costi di immagazzinamentoWarehousing costs

• Immagazinamento e deposito dei prodotti
  Warehousing and storage
• Localizzazione del deposito e della azienda Plant
  and Warehouse site selection

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The relevant inventory costs are those that vary
with the amount

• Capital cost, or opportunity cost, the return
  that the company could make on the money that it
  has tied up in inventory
• Inventory service cost, insurance and taxes
• warehousing space related costs
• inventory risk cost, obsolescence, pilferage,
  relocation within the inventory system, and damage

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Costi di esecuzione ordine e informazioneOrder
processing and information costs

• Gestione ordini Order processing
• Comunicazioni nella rete logistica Logistics
  communicatios
• Pianificazione e previsione della domanda Demand
  forecasting/planning

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Questions (1)

1. What is the role and importance of logistics in
   private and public organizations?
2. Discuss the impact of logistics on the economy
   and how effective logistics management
   contributes to the vitality of the economy.
3. What is the value-added roles of logistics on
   both a macro and micro level?
4. Explain logistics systems from several
   perspectives.
5. What is the relationship between logistics and
   other important functional areas in an
   organization, including manufacturing, marketing,
   and finance?

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Questions (2)

1. Discuss the importance of management activities
   in the logistics function.
2. Analyze logistics systems from several different
   perspectives to meet different objectives.
3. Determine the total costs and understand the cost
   tradeoffs in a logistics system.
4. Why does a push-based supply chain react more
   slowly to changing demand than a pull-based
   system?
5. What is the impact of product diversification
   (the increase in the number of product variants)
   on logistics systems planning and control.