Phrases

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Phrases

• 11 English
• Grammar Review

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Prepositional Phrases

• A prepositional phrase consists of a
  preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the
  object. Ex Basketball was first played with real
  baskets.
• When a prepositional phrase modifies a noun or
  pronoun it is called an adjective phrase. It
  tells what kind or which one. Ex Was Michael
  Jordan the greatest player in history?

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Prepositional Phrases

• When a prepositional phrase modifies a verb,
  adjective, or adverb, it acts as an adverb and is
  called an adverb phrase. It tells where, when,
  how, or to what extent. Ex Early hoops were
  constructed of peace baskets.
• In general, prepositional phrases should be
  placed before or immediately after the words they
  modify. Ex From the stands, wild applause broke
  out for the team.

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Now You Try

• Complete questions 1-5 of Part A and 1-5 of Part
  B in your grammar workbook.

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Appositive Phrases

• An appositive is a noun or pronoun that
  identifies or renames another noun or pronoun.
  Ex Passengers in a hot-air balloon ride in the
  gondola, a small basket beneath the balloon.
• An essential or restrictive appositive is needed
  to make the meaning of a sentence complete (no
  commas). Ex The British tycoon Richard Branson
  has made several attempts to circle the world
  nonstop in a balloon.

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Appositive Phrases

• A nonessential or nonrestrictive appositive adds
  extra meaning to a sentence. It is not needed to
  make the meaning of the sentence clear (commas
  used). Ex Steve Fossett, an American financier,
  is another dedicated competitor in
  around-the-world ballooning.

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Now You Try

• Complete questions 1-4 of Part A and 1-3 of Part
  B on page 37 of your grammar workbook.

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Verbals

• A verbal is a verb form that acts as a noun, an
  adjective, or an adverb. There are three types of
  verbals participles, gerunds, and infinitives.
  Each of these verbals can be used to form
  phrases. A verbal phrase consists of a verb plus
  its modifiers and complements.

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Participial Phrases

• A participle is a verb form that functions as an
  adjective. There are two kinds of participles
  present participles and past participles. The
  present participle always ends in ing. Most past
  participles end in d or ed. Ex The falling
  prices were good news for consumers. The improved
  designs made the automobiles cheaper and more
  reliable.

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Absolute Phrases

• An absolute phrase consists of a participle and
  the noun or pronoun it modifies. An absolute
  phrase has no grammatical connection to the rest
  of the sentence. It does not function as a part
  of speech, and it does not belong to either the
  complete subject or the complete predicate.
  Usually, an absolute phrase relates to the rest
  of the sentence by providing additional details
  about circumstances or time.

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Absolute Phrases

• Its popularity waning, the Model T was retired
  from production in 1927.
• Our deadline fast approaching, we realized that
  we would have to test our solar-powered lawn
  mower or else go back to our first idea.

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Now You Try

• Complete questions 1-6 on page 40 of your grammar
  workbook.

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Gerund Phrases

• A gerund is a verb form that ends in ing and
  functions as a noun. Ex Skiing is a winter
  sport. Thank you for listening.
• A gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus its
  modifiers and complements. Ex Tim Bereners-Lee
  is know for inventing the World Wide Web.

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Now You Try

• Complete questions 1-8 on page 43 of your grammar
  workbook. Write the gerund phrase and underline
  the gerund.

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Infinitive Phrases

• An infinitive is a verb form that usually begins
  with the word to and functions as a noun, and
  adjective, or an adverb. Ex Eileen had to goal
  to pursue.
• An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive
  plus its modifiers and complements. Ex In 1995,
  Eileen Collins became the first female space
  pilot to launch into space.

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Infinitive Phrases

• A modifier placed between the word to and the
  verb of an infinitive is said to split the
  infinitive. Usually, a split infinitive sounds
  awkward and should be avoided. Ex Astronauts
  need to rigorously train for space missions.
  Astronauts need to train rigorously for space
  missions.

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Now You Try

• Complete questions 1-4 of part A and questions
  1-4 of part B on page 46 of your grammar
  workbook.

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Misplaced Modifiers

• A misplaced modifier is a word or phrase that is
  placed so far away from the word it modifies that
  the meaning of the sentence is unclear or
  incorrect. Ex The school district is issuing new
  desks to students made of molded plastic.
• The school district is issuing new desks made of
  molded plastic to students.

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Dangling Modifiers

• A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that does
  not clearly modify any noun or pronoun in a
  sentence. Ex Looking around, objects made of
  plastic fill our homes, offices, and schools.
• Looking around, we realized that objects made of
  plastic fill our homes, offices, and schools.

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Now You Try

• Complete questions 1-6 of Part A and questions
  1-7 of Part B on page 49 of your grammar
  workbook.