Bell Ringer

1
Bell Ringer Use your Major Studies in Infant
and Childhood Development Chart to match up each
description to the correct Psychologist.

• A. Mary Ainsworth
• B. Harry F. Harlow
• C. Konrad Lorenz

• 1. he was able to get newborn geese to become
  attached to him.
• 2. her study showed that most infants are very
  attached to their mothers.
• 3. found that most infants become upset when a
  stranger approaches them without their mother
  present.
• 4. study showed that newborn monkeys spent a
  greater amount of time with their cloth surrogate
  mother, than with their wire surrogate mother.
• 5. helped to prove that the bond between mothers
  and newborns stems from contact comfort rather
  than feeding.
• 6. Illustrated the concept of imprinting the
  first moving object met by the newborn bird is
  somehow stamped immediately into its brain.

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Developmental Psychology-Infancy and Childhood

• Unit 7

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Developmental Psychology

• A branch of psychology that studies physical,
  cognitive and social changes throughout the
  lifespan.

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Stages of Development

• 1. pre-natal conception birth
• 2. newborn birth 1 month
• 3. infant 1 month 2 years
• 4. childhood 2-12
• 5. adolescence 12-18

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Physical Development

• Newborn Reflexes
• Grasping reflex infants clinging response to a
  touch on the palm of the hand
• Rooting reflex infants response in turning
  towards the source of touching anywhere near the
  mouth

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Physical Development

• Maturation Biological growth processes that
  enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively
  uninfluenced by experience.
• A built-in plan for growth
• Unless severely underfed, restricted, or deprived
  of human contact we pretty much have the same
  schedule . . .

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Physical Development Infant Motor Development

• Sequence is the same- but once again timing
  varies.
• First learn to roll over, sit up unsupported,
  crawl, walk etc

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Cognitive Development

• As the thought process of children develop, they
  begin to think, communicate and relate with others

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Cognitive Development

• This field is Dominated by a man named Jean
  Piaget.
• He was developing IQ tests and noticed that many
  children got the same answers wrong.
• Thought to himself, maybe these kids are not
  stupid, but instead think differently than
  adults.

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Cognitive Development

• Jean Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development
• Intelligence the ability to understand develops
  gradually as the child grows
• Young children thing differently than older
  children and adults
• 4 stages

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Piagets important concepts

• Children are active thinkers, always trying to
  make sense of the world.
• To make sense of the world, they develop schemas.
• Schema- a concept or framework that organizes and
  interprets information.

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Piagets important concepts

• Assimilation- fitting objects and experiences
  into ones schema to deal with new information

• Accommodation- the process by which a person
  changes their old methods or schemas to adjust or
  deal with new situations

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Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development

• Sensorimotor
• Preoperational
• Concrete Operational
• Formal Operational

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Sensorimotor Stage

• The Sensorimotor Stage is from approximately
  birth to 2 years of age.
• Babies take in the world purely through their
  senses- looking, hearing, touching, tasting and
  grasping.

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Sensorimotor Stage

• At 4 to 8 months of age, your child will learn
  that she can make things move by banging them and
  shaking them. (Example--shaking a rattle, banging
  on toys, banging on tray of high chair)

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Sensorimotor Stage

• Between 12 and 18 months your child will be able
  to represent hidden objects in her mind (Object
  Permanence). In other words, she will be able to
  see objects even when they are out of sight.
• Before Object Permanence- what is out of sight,
  is gone from the universe forever.

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Preoperational Stage

• The Preoperational Stage is from approximately 2
  to 7 years of age.

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Preoperational Stage

• Between the ages of 3 and 4, your child will be
  able to apply this ability to symbolize with
  objects, to people (names represent people)
• Can talk about things not present
• Egocentric inability to understand another
  persons perspective

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Preoperational Stage

• By the end of this stage, the child will
  understand the concept of conservation.
• Conservation the principle that a given
  quantity does not change when its appearance is
  changed.

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Concrete Operational Stage

• 7-11 years old
• Understand concept of conservation.
• Can think logically, use analogies, and perform
  mathematical transformations (59 is the same as
  9-5) also known as reversibility.

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Formal Operational Stage

• We can reason abstractly.

If John is in school, then Mary is in school.
John is in school. What can you say about Mary?
Stevie Wonder is god.
God is love.
Love is Blind
Stevie Wonder is Blind.
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Social Development
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Social Development

• Stranger anxiety - The fear of strangers that
  infants commonly display, beginning by about 8
  months of age.

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Social Development

• Attachment An emotional tie with another person
  shown in young children by their seeking
  closeness to the caregiver and showing distress
  in separation.

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Factors of Attachment

• Body Contact
• Familiarity
• Responsive Parenting

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Social Development

• It was first assumed that infants became attached
  to those who satisfied their need for nourishment.

Then this guy came along..
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Harry Harlow and his
Discovered that monkeys preferred the soft body
contact of a cloth mother, over the nourishment
of a hard/wirily mother.
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Imprinting

• The process by which certain animals form
  attachments during a critical period very early
  in life.

Do humans imprint?
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Dads Matter Too

• We are not just mobile sperm banks!!!!

• Paternal separation puts children at increased
  risk for various psychological and social
  pathologies.

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Deprivation of Attachment

• Often withdrawn, frightened and in extreme cases
  speechless.

• Harlows monkeys would either cower in fright or
  act extremely aggressive. Many could not mate
  and if they could, the mothers were unresponsive
  parents.

• Is there a connection between crime and lack of
  childhood attachment?

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Child-Rearing Practices

• Parenting styles have been shown to have a
  positive correlational effect on a childs
  self-concept

Three General Classifications of Parenting Styles
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Self - Concept

• A sense of ones identity and self-worth.

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Authoritarian Parents

• Impose rules and expect obedience.

• Why, because I said so!!!!

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Permissive Parents

• Parents submit to their childrens desires, make
  few demands and use little punishment.

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Authoritative Parents

• Parents are both demanding and responsive.
• Exert control by setting rules, but explain
  reasoning behind the rules.
• Encourage open discussion.