Slavery Divides the Nation

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Slavery Divides the Nation

• Chapter 16
• 1820-1861

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Missouri Compromise

• 1819 Missouri applied for statehood.
• At the time there were 11 free states and 11
  slave states in the US Senate
• Missouri would upset the balance in the Senate
• Crisis occur for several months
• Missouri Compromise
• Brainchild of Henry Clay
• Missouri apply as a slave state
• Maine apply as a free state
• Congress drew a line at 36 30 N and stated that
  slavery was permitted below that line from the
  lands of the Louisiana Purchase and slavery was
  banned north of that line in the Louisiana
  Purchase

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Wilmot Proviso

• Wilmot Proviso
• Missouri Compromise applied only to lands of the
  Louisiana Purchase
• Mexican War added new lands
• Slavery issue arises to these new lands
• David Wilmot
• Pennsylvania Congressman
• Called for a law to ban slavery in any
  territories won from Mexico
• Wilmot Proviso
• Passed in the House in 1846 but failed in the
  Senate
• Views on Slavery
• Southerners Slavery should be allowed anywhere
  and all runaway slaves should be returned
• Abolitionists wanted slavery abolished
  throughout the entire country
• Moderates had two views 1. extend the Missouri
  Compromise Line, 2. idea of Popular Sovereignty

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Popular Sovereignty

• Brainchild of Lewis Cass a Democrat
• Definition the right of people to create their
  own government
• How it effects the territories
• Voters in a new territory would decide for
  themselves whether or not to allow slavery

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Free Soil Party Arise

• 1848
• Zachary Taylor Whig 163
• Lewis Cass Democratic 127
• Martin Van Buren Free Soil 0
• Campaign issues
• How to deal with all of the new territory
• That is why the Free Soil party arises
• No slavery in the new territories
• Cass supported the voice of the people in
  territories known as Popular Sovereignty
• Taylor a slave owner did not speak on the issues
  but Southerners figured he favored slavery
• Slavery now became a political issue

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California

• 1850
• California request entry into the Union as a Free
  State
• This would upset the balance of free and slave
  states in the Senate
• Some southerners even suggested to secede from
  the Union
• Clay vs. Calhoun debates
• Calhoun
• Slavery be allowed into the territories
• Fugitive slave law
• If both demands are not met that the states
  should part in peace.
• Clay
• Called for a compromise
• Webster
• Spoke after the two men and warned that the
  nation could not separate in peace, but a civil
  war would occur instead
• He viewed slavery as evil but the breaking of the
  union was worse then slavery.

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Compromise of 1850

• Compromise of 1850
• Headed by Henry Clay and Stephen Douglas
• Five Parts
• 1. California is allowed to enter the Union as a
  free state
• 2. Mexican Cession territory would be divided
  into New Mexico and Utah territories
• Voters would decide on the issue of slavery
  according to popular sovereignty
• 3. It ended the slave trade in Washington, D.C.
• 4. It included a strict fugitive slave law
• 5. It settled a border dispute between Texas and
  New Mexico
• Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
• Required all citizens to help catch runaway
  slaves
• Those who did not follow the law could be fined
• Reaction to Compromise
• FSA enraged the abolitionists
• By enforcing it, abolitionist became unwilling
  supporters of slavery
• Tension remained high because neither side got
  what they wanted

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Uncle Toms Cabin

• Uncle Toms Cabin
• Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Northerners embraced the book
• Saw slavery as a moral evil now
• Congress could no longer avoid it
• Southerners claimed it did not give a true
  picture of slavery

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Nebraska Territory
• Was divided into two territories
• Nebraska and Kansas
• With the settlers deciding the issue of slavery
  by popular-sovereignty
• This was settled in the Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Stephen Douglas was creator of this act
• President Franklin Pierce supported the bill and
  helped it pass through Congress
• Act goes against the Missouri Compromise and
  angers many northerners

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Kansas

• New arrivals in Kansas
• Proslavery and Anti-slavery settlers rush into
  Kansas
• Border Ruffians proslavery settlers from
  Missouri who roughed up anti-slavery settlers
• Two Governments
• 1855
• Border Ruffians and Proslavery settlers elected a
  proslavery legislature illegally
• Anti-slavery settlers refused to accept that
  government and elected their own government
• Bleeding Kansas
• 1856
• Proslavery settlers attacked an anti-slavery
  settlement in Lawrence, Kansas
• John Brown, an abolitionist, decided to strike
  back
• Pottawatomie Creek
• Brown and six other men dragged out 5 proslavery
  settlers and murdered them
• This caused both sides to engage in guerrilla
  warfare, that resulted in 200 dead

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Charles Sumner

• Charles Sumner
• Massachusetts Senator
• Leading abolitionist senator
• Denounced the proslavery legislature in Kansas
• Criticized and singled out South Carolina,
  Senator Andrew Butler
• Congressman Preston Brooks
• Butlers nephew
• Marched into the Senator chamber and beat Sumner
  until he laid unconscious on the Senate floor.
• Sumner did not recover from injuries for 3 years
• Massachusetts left Sumners seat vacant in
  defiance of the south

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Dred Scott Case

• Dred Scott
• A slave
• Lived in Missouri and then his master moved him
  to Illinois then to Wisconsin, where slavery was
  illegal
• Scotts master dies while in Wisconsin
• Scott filed a lawsuit declaring he had lived in a
  free territory and became a free man
• Dred Scott v. Sanford
• Roger Taney, Chief Justice
• Decision
• 1st. Dred Scott could not file a lawsuit because
  he was not a citizen
• 2nd Slaves were considered property
• 3rd Congress did not have power to outlaw slavery
  in the territories
• 4th Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

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Election of 1852

• Election of 1852
• Franklin Pierce Democrat 254
• Winfield Scott Whig 42
• John Hale Free Soil 0
• The Whig party was in turmoil which lead to the
  Democrats easily winning the White House
• Whigs were divided over the issue of slavery

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Republican Party emerges

• Republican Party
• Made up from Free-Soilers, northern Democrats and
  antislavery Whigs
• Main goal
• Keep slavery out of the territories
• New party grew in members quickly
• By 1856 they were a national party and ran a
  candidate for president

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Election of 1856

• Election of 1856
• James Buchanan Democrat
• John C. Fremont Republican
• Millard Fillmore American (Know-Nothing)
• Buchanan was from Pennsylvania who was a
  northerner with southern principles.
• Fillmore and American party was fearful that a
  Republican victory would split the Union
• They voiced a goal of unity
• Without a single southern vote, Fremont received
  1/3 of the popular vote

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Harpers Ferry

• Harpers Ferry, Virginia
• Site of an arsenal
• John Brown plan to raid the arsenal and arm
  slaves for an insurrection
• Brown easily took control of the arsenal
• No slave uprising occur, so no help for Brown and
  his gang
• US Army was sent in to crush the raid
• Lead by Robert E. Lee
• Killed ten raiders and captured Brown
• Browns trial
• Court found him guilty of murder and treason
• Sentenced to death
• Brown became a martyr for the abolitionists cause

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ELECTION of 1860 Abraham Lincoln

• The Emergence of the
• Republican Party

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The Candidates of 1860
Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois Democratic Party
John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky Democratic Party
John Bell of Tennessee Constitutional Union Party
Abraham Lincoln of Illinois Republican Party
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Abraham Lincoln

• Life 1809-1865
• Occupation Lawyer
• Political Parties
• Whig, Republican
• Political Career
• Postmaster of Salem, Illinois 1833- 1836
• Illinois State Representative 1834 -1842
• United States Representative 1847- 1849
• Other
• Lost US Senate race to Stephen A. Douglas in 1858
• A Captain in the Black Hawk War

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Republican Platform

• The Republican Party absorbed anti-slavery Whigs,
  Democrats, Free-Soilers and most American
  (Know-Nothings) .
• It became more moderate in its stance on the
  exclusion of slavery and denounced John Brown's
  raid.
• They were firm on no extension of slavery into
  the new territories.
• The platform endorsed a protective tariff, the
  Homestead Act, and internal improvements.

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Stephen A. Douglas

• Life 1813-1861
• Occupation Teacher and Lawyer
• Political Party
• Democratic Party
• Political Career
• State Attorney 1835
• Illinois State Representative 1836-1837
• United State Representative 1843-1847
• United State Senator 1847-1861

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John C. Breckinridge

• Life 1821-1875
• Occupation Lawyer
• Military Career
• Mexican War 1847-1848, Major
• Political Party Democrat
• Political Career
• Kentucky State Representative 1849
• United States Representative 1851-1855
• Vice President for James Buchanan 1856-1860
• United States Senator 1861

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Democratic Party

• The Democratic Party split completely along
  sectional lines.
• Northern Democrats nominated Stephen A. Douglas
  on a popular sovereignty platform and against
  obstruction of the Fugitive Slave Law by the
  states.
• Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckenridge
  on a slave code ticket. The platform favored the
  extension of slavery into the territories and the
  annexation of slave-populated Cuba.

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John Bell

• Life 1797-1869
• Occupation Lawyer
• Political Parties
• Whig, American (Know-Nothing), Constitutional
  Party
• Political Career
• Tennessee State Senator 1817-1823
• United States Representative 1827-1841
• United States Senator 1847-1859
• Other
• Secretary of War 1841

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Constitutional Union Party

• The Constitutional Union Party was the
  middle-of-the-road political group.
• The party consisted mainly of former Whigs and
  American (Know-Nothings).
• Their platform was the Union, the Constitution,
  and the Enforcement of the Laws.

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Electoral College Breakdown
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Last attempt at Peace

• Crittenden Compromise
• Extend Missouri Compromise Line to the Pacific
• Unamendable amendment that would guarantee
  forever the right to hold slaves in states south
  of the compromise line
• Received little support and failed

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Result of the Election of 1860

• Southern states start to secede from the Union
• First being South Carolina on December 20,1860
• By late February of 1861
• Alabama (AL), Florida (FL), Georgia (GA),
  Louisiana (LA), Mississippi (MS) and Texas (TX)
  had also seceded from the Union.
• They created the Confederate States of America
• Jefferson Davis became its first and only
  President

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Fort Sumter

• April 11, 1861
• First shot of the Civil War is fired
• Confederates (South) fired onto the Union fort
• Major Anderson of the Union Army (North) refused
  to give up the fort
• When the union ran out of ammunition they
  surrender
• Thus began the Civil War