THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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FUNCTIONS OF BONES

• SUPPORT THEY PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK
• PROTECTION THE SKULL PROTECTS THE BRAIN THE
  VERTEBRAE PROTECT THE SPINAL CORD, ETC.
• MOVEMENT BONES ACT AS LEVERS TO MOVE THE BODY
• MINERAL STORAGE BONES ACT AS A RESERVOIR FOR Ca
  AND P
• BLOOD CELL FORMATION MOST BLOOD CELL FORMATION
  OCCURS WITHIN THE MARROW OF BONES.

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CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

• ARE LONGER THAN WIDE
• E.g.. BONES OF THE LIMBS, EXCEPT PATELLA, BONES
  OF WRIST ANKLE

LONG BONES
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SHORT BONES

• ARE ROUGHLY CUBELIKE.
• .
• E.g.. BONES OF WRIST ANKLE

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FLAT BONES

• ARE THIN
• FLATTENED
• A BIT CURVED
• E.g.. MOST SKULL BONES

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IRREGULAR BONE

• FIT NONE OF THE OTHER CLASSES.
• E.g.. VERTEBRAE HIP BONES

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TERMS

• EPIPHYSES- SWOLLEN ENDS OF THE BONE
• DIAPHYSIS- SHAFT OF THE BONE
• EPIPHYSEAL PLATE- AREA OF A BONE WHERE GROWTH
  OCCURS IN CHILDHOOD.
• MEDULLARY CAVITY- THE CENTER OF A BONE

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• IN ADULTS, THE MEDULLARY CAVITY IS FILLED WITH
  YELLOW MARROW.
• YELLOW CAN CONVERT TO RED, WHICH MAKES NEW BLOOD
  CELLS, IF A PERSON BECOMES VERY ANEMIC.

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SLIDE OF BONE TISSUE
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OSTEOGENESIS

• IS THE PROCESS OF BONE FORMATION
• AT 6 WEEKS, THE SKELETON IS FIBROUS MEMBRANE AND
  CARTILAGE WHICH ARE FLEXIBLE. (this is important
  for the fetus to get through the birth canal)

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fetus just prior to birth
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HORMONAL IMBALANCES
GH (growth hormone) is a hormone that is
important in bone growth. DWARFISM TOO LITTLE
GH GIANTISM TOO MUCH GH
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DWARFISM
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GIANTISM
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BONE BREAKAGE

• IS THE MOST COMMON BONE DISORDER
• PLEASE NOTE
• (some of these pictures of fractures are graphic,
  so please do not view if you are uncomfortable
  pictures follow the information about each type
  of break)

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• COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES
• SIMPLE
• COMPOUND
• COMMINUTED
• COMPRESSION
• DEPRESSED
• IMPACTED
• SPIRAL
• GREENSTICK

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SIMPLE FRACTURE

• ALSO CALLED A CLOSED FRACTURE
• BONES BREAK CLEANLY BUT DO NOT PENETRATE THE SKIN

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COMPOUND FRACTURE

• MORE SERIOUS THAN SIMPLE
• BROKEN ENDS OF BONE PENETRATE THE SKIN
• BONE INFECTIONS KNOWN AS OSTEOMYELITIS ARE
  POSSIBLE
• ANTIBIOTICS ARE REQUIRED

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click to view photograph of compound fracture.
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click to view photograph of compound fracture
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COMMINUTED FRACTURE

• BONE FRAGMENTS INTO MANY PIECES
• COMMON IN THE AGED WHERE BONES ARE BRITTLE

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COMMINUTED FRACTURE
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COMPRESSION FRACTURE

• BONE IS CRUSHED
• COMMON IN POROUS BONES (THOSE WITH OSTEOPOROSIS)

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DEPRESSION FRACTURE

• BONE IS PRESSED INWARD
• TYPICAL OF SKULL FRACTURE

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IMPACTED FRACTURE

• BROKEN BONE ENDS ARE FORCED INTO ONE ANOTHER
• COMMON WHEN TRYING TO BREAK A FALL WITH ONES ARM

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Mrs. Adams a 67 year old female who fell on the
ice
This is an impacted, comminuted fracture of the
distal end of the radius.
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SPIRAL FRACTURE

• RAGGED BREAK THAT OCCURS WITH A TWIST TO THE BONE
• COMMON SPORTS FRACTURE

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GREENSTICK FRACTURE

• BONE BREAKS INCOMPLETELY
• COMMON IN CHILDREN WITH FLEXIBLE BONES

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http//www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?ob
jIDNUR1303
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