Organic or BIOCHEMISTRY

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Organic or BIOCHEMISTRY

• ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF THE FOLLOWING
  BASIC ELEMENTS

• CARBON

• OXYGEN

• HYDROGEN

• PHOSPHORUS

• SULFUR

• NITROGEN

aka CHNOPS

• A MOLECULE CONTAINING CARBON IS
• CALLED AN ORGANIC MOLECULE (except CO, CO2)

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Unique Properties of Carbon

• Forms 4 covalent bonds
• Long Carbon chains are formed.

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THERE ARE 4 Major CARBON COMPOUNDS IN ALL LIVING
THINGS
1. CARBOHYDRATES
2. LIPIDS
3. PROTEINS
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
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CARBOHYDRATES

• Chemical Structure

Saccharide (monomer/subunit) One saccharide or
Monosaccharide
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Common Monosaccharides

• Glucose
• Galactose
• Fructose

ose sugar
Common Disaccharides

• Glucose Galactose Lactose
• Glucose Fructose Sucrose
• Glucose Glucose Maltose

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Common Polysaccharides
Starch
..
Cellulose
..
Glycogen
..
Starch Sugar
Cellulose is undigestible sugar (cotton, paper,
wood, stems)
Glycogen quick sugar because of branching
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CARBOHYDRATES

• INCLUDE SUGARS, STARCHES, CELLULOSE

• PROVIDES ENERGY FOR ORGANISMS

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• Glucose C6H12O6.
• Main product of photosynthesis
• Starting material for Cellular Respiration
• fuel in living things
• transported by body fluids to all cells, where is
  it METABOLIZED to release energy.

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• Polysaccharides complex carbs
• Formed by linking many monosaccharides
• Starches hundreds of glucose units linked
  together
• Storage for carbohydrates in PLANTS
• Glycogen stored in human liver
• Thousands of glucose units
• Cellulose structural carbohydrate (for SUPPORT)
• Glucose units, but cannot be released from one
  another except for a few species of organisms
• Wood
• Cell walls of plants
• Humans CANNOT digest cellulose!

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Lipids

• Chemical Structure

Fatty Acid (monomer/subunit)
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Lipids
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Lipids
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LIPIDS
INCLUDE FATS, OILS,, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, STEROIDS,.

• CARBOHYDRATES MAY BE CONVERTED INTO LIPIDS
• FOR LONG-TERM ENERGY STORAGE FAT

• PHOSPHOLIPIDS MAIN COMPONENT OF CELL
• MEMBRANE
• Nonpolar Polar portions

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Cell Membrane LipidsPhospholipid bilayer
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Lipids
Unsaturated C-C-CC-C-C-C-C
Saturated C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
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PROTEIN

• Chemical Structure

Amino Acid (monomer/subunit)
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PROTEIN
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PROTEINS

• Most complex organic molecules
• COMPOSED OF SMALLER MOLECULES/SUBUNITS CALLED
  AMINO ACIDS
• There are 20 Amino Acids (or AAs)

Protein Functions

• enzymes, muscles, skin, hair

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NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA/RNA)

• Nucleotide
• (monomer/subunit)
• Nitrogen Base
• Sugar
• Phosphate

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NUCLEIC ACIDS
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NUCLEIC ACIDS

• LARGE COMPLEX MOLECULES
• CONTAINING HEREDITY MATERIAL
• Made of Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate group,
  nitrogen base)

• DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID -D N A
• (deoxyribose sugar)

2. RIBONUCLEIC ACID- R N A (ribose sugar)

• D N A CARRIES INSTRUCTIONS THAT
• REGULATE CELL ACTIVITIES

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Carbon Cycle