Respiratory System

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Respiratory System
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Components

• Nose
• Pharynx (throat)
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs
• Alveoli (in lungs)
• All parts distribute the air except the alveoli
• Alveoli exchanges air
• (puts it in the blood)

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Accessory Structures

• Oral cavity
• Rib cage
• diaphragm

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Functions of the respiratory system

• to move oxygen to the lungs so oxygen can enter
  the blood
• To move carbon dioxide out of the blood cells to
  the lungs (exhaled out of the body)
• Respiration- the term for the movement of oxygen
  into the lungs and the release of carbon dioxide
  from the lungs
• blood vessels

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Divisions of the respiratory System

• 1. upper respiratory tract- includes nose,
  pharynx, larynx
• 2. lower respiratory tract- includes trachea,
  bronchial tree (primary bronchi, secondary
  bronchi, tertiary bronchi), lungs

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Components of air you breath in

• 78-79 nitrogen
• 21 oxygen
• Trace amounts of
• carbon dioxide
• and other gases

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NOSE

• Mostly made of cartilage
• Includes the nasal cavity
• nasal cavity- extends from external opening of
  nose to the pharynx
• The nasal cavity has 2 parts
• 1. external nares- nostrils
• 2. internal nares- openings to the pharynx
• Nasal septum- divides nasal cavity in half
• -pressure on the nasal septum may cause nose
  bleeds called
• epistaxis. It is rich in blood.

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Functions of the nose

• Mucous and nose
• hairs filter the air
• Humidifies the air/moistens air (air is 100
  humidified when it passes through the nose

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nasal cavity infections

• If the nasal cavity or nasal sinuses become
  infected by bacteria and viruses, the passages
  become blocked by thick mucous and it accumulates
  in the sinuses causing headaches.
• Treatment use decongestants to thin the mucous
  allowing it to drain out and decreasing pressure

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Pharynx (throat)

• Connects the passage of
• air from the nasal cavity to larynx
• Connects the passage of food from the oral cavity
  to the esophagus

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Parts of the pharynx

• nasopharynx- 1st section of pharynx
• -connects to nasal cavity
• -in this region, the soft palate will rise to
  aid in swallowing. It closes off the nasal
  cavity to keep things from entering it.
• 2. oropharynx- 2nd segment- joins nasopharynx
  to laryngopharynx
• -where the oral cavity empties
• laryngopharynx- 3rd segment-
• -joins oropharynx to larynx

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Larynx (voice box)

• Connects to the pharynx
• Has rings on the outside made of cartilage. The
  largest cartilage around the larynx is the
  thyroid cartilage (Adams apple). In females,
  this is not as large as in males.
• Has structure called epiglottis which is a
  flap-like piece of cartilage that closes to keep
  food out of the windpipe (It stays open until
  swallowing occurs)

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Epiglottis
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Larynx functions

• Connect pharynx to trachea
• Voice box produces sound
• Removes particles using a ciliated mucous
• Prevents solid and liquids from entering airway

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Vocal cords called glottis

• Paired ligaments that have folds that vibrate
  releasing sound by moving muscle.
• The length and the tension of the cords changes
  which changes the voice.

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Trachea

• Also called the windpipe
• Function passes air from larynx to the 2 bronchi
• Has C-shaped cartilage on the outside to protect
  and prevent the collapse of it if it is hit
• Obstruction of it can cause death (oxygen cant
  get to cells)

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Lungs

• Principal organs of respiration
• Cone shaped
• Right lung (3 lobes)
• Left lung (2 lobes)

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Structures in lungs

• Hilum- where bronchi, vessels, and nerves enter
  the lungs
• Upon entering the lungs, the bronchi branch to
  form the secondary bronchi and the branch to form
  the tertiary bronchi (bronchioles)
• The branched bronchi is called the bronchial tree
  because it branches like a tree)
• Alveoli-grape-like structures at the tip of the
  tertiary bronchi

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Alveoli

• Probably the most important respiratory
  structures
• They are where gas exchange occurs
• Where oxygen enters the blood
• Where carbon dioxide exits the blood
• alveoli
• Blood

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Thoracic cavity

• Rib cage area/chest
• Also called the thorax
• 3 divisions
• Right and left pleural (contains right and left
  lung)
• Mediastinum (houses the esophagus, trachea, large
  blood vessels, heart
• Parietal layer- lines the entire thoracic cavity

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Function of the thoracic cavity

• Fluctuates in size to bring about inhalation
  (breathing in) and exhalation (breathing out)

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Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

• Has 2 phases
• 1. inhale
• 2. exhale
• How occurs?
• Air moves in and out due to a pressure gradient
  (pressure differences in and out of lungs)
• Normal air pressure is 760 mm Hg (outside lungs)
• When the pressure inside lungs is less than
  outside lungs, air goes in lungs (breath
  in/inhale)
• When pressure inside lungs is higher than outside
  lungs, air goes out (breath out/exhale)

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Inspiration/inhalaton

• Breathing in
• How does it occur?
• The diaphragm contracts which expands the
  thoracic cavity (rib cage lifts and expands)
• This makes the pressure less in the lungs
  allowing more air to flow in from the outside

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Exhalation/expiration

• Breathing out
• How it occurs?
• Muscles of the ribs and the diaphragm relax
• Rib cage declines to normal position which
  decreases the size of the lungs
• The size of the lungs decreases which increases
  the pressure in the lungs pushing the air out
  (exhalation, expiration)

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Gases of ventilation

• Purpose of breathing is to take in oxygen and
  give off carbon dioxide
• Every 5 seconds, we move 500 ml of air in and
  out of lungs
• The air that is breathed in is made of 21 oxygen
• The body uses 7 of the oxygen which leaves 14
  to breath back out. Also, the Carbon dioxide
  output increases by 5.6
• This is why you can do mouth to mouth and still
  have enough oxygen to give to someone else

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Gas Exchange in the lungs

• Gas exchange in the lungs occurs between the air
  in the alveoli and the blood flowing thru the
  capillaries
• Oxygen enters blood blood
• Carbon dioxide leaves
• blood
• lungs
• Air gets to the alveoli by the following path
• Nose pharynx larynx trachea primary
  bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary
  bronchi alveoli
• Air exits the lungs by reversing the above path

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Oxygen transport in the blood

• Once oxygen enters the blood from the lungs, it
  has to be taken to the cells of the body
• It is transported in 2 ways
• 1. some is dissolved in the plasma
• 2. the rest is carried by red blood cells
• (these cells have hemoglobin that attaches to
  and carries the oxygen)
• Red blood cells

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Breathing reflexes

• Cough reflex- stimulated by foreign matter in the
  trachea or bronchi or accumulation of excess
  mucous
• -The glottis and epiglottis close which holds
  air in increasing the pressure in lungs
• -The epiglottis then opens suddenly resulting in
  an upward thrust of air that removes the particle

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Sneezing reflex

• Stimulated by contaminates in the nasal cavity
  such as dust, mucous, other particles
• The same process occurs like a cough except the
  burst of air goes thru the nose

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Hiccup reflex

• Due to spasmatic contraction of the diaphragm
• Cause unknown
• The spasms cause the glottis to close during
  inspiration which makes the sound

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Yawn reflex

• Unusual widening of the mouth which lets air in
  to the lungs
• Reason is unknown
• Sometimes it is thought to be a result of boredom
  (the brain wants more air to wake up)

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Respiratory Disorders

• Rhinitis- due to inflammation of the mucosa
• of nasal cavity
• -It is due to a virus ex. Common cold
• -symptoms excessive dripping of fluid into
  the lower respiratory tract or out nostrils
• -this may cause sore throat, coughing or
  upset stomach
• -the nasal lining is irritated so it may cause
  sneezing to clear the nose
• Treatment antihistimines and decongestants

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Laryngitis

• Due to inflammation of the vocal cords and
  swelling
• Voice production becomes inhibited
• Caused by infections, toxic fumes like smoking,
  vocal abuse, and alcohol ingestion

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Pharyngitis

• Sore throat
• Due to infection of the pharynx due to a virus or
  bacteria
• Strep throat due to infection of the
  streptococcus bacteria
• Treatment of pharyngitis lozengers, rest,
  fluids, antibiotics, pain med.

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Deviated septum

• nasal septum is off center
• Impairs proper breathing due to it being off
  midline
• If it is extreme, it is corrected with surgery

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Bronchitis

• Inflammation of the trachea and bronchial tree
• Due to infection such as bacteria
• Excessive fluid/mucous accumulates in bronchi and
  the airway seems to narrow
• Results in a lot of coughing to clear the mucous
  out and difficulty breathing
• Treatment antibiotics and breathing treatments

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Pneumonia

• Inflammation that affects the airways of the
  lungs
• Due to infection such as bacteria, viruses, and
  chemicals
• Alveoli and bronchi become plugged with thick
  fluid (pus)
• Symptoms coughing, breathing faster
• Treatment antibiotics, acetaminophen, breathing
  treatments

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Tuberculosis (TB)

• Chronic infection due to myobacterium
  tuberculosis
• Highly contagious
• Lesions (large open sores) occur in the lungs
  causing coughing, fatigue, chest pain, fever,
  weight loss
• Damage to the lung tissue makes the lung capacity
  smaller
• If treated, it can be cured

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Lung cancer

• Destroys the alveoli of the lungs
• Most common cause is cigarette smoke
• Lobectomy- removal of damaged area of lung

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Asthma

• Due to spasms in the
• muscle of the walls of
• bronchi
• It narrows the airways making breathing difficult
• Spasms are triggered by stress, exercise,
  infection, allergic reactions
• Typically inherited
• Treatment inhalers that stop muscle spasms

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Emphysema

• Enlarged alveoli due to
• damaged lung connective
• tissue
• Alveoli enlarge and
• rupture
• Alveoli are where gases enter the blood
• (decreased alveoli decreases oxygen in blood)
• Symptoms panting even with mild exertion
• Due to enzymes damaging alveoli

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Heimlech maneuver

• Used to free foreign objects from the respiratory
  tract (choking)
• Places arms around the
• person and thrust the fists
• up into the diaphragm area
• This pushes air out rapidly
• which sometimes blows out
• the foreign object
• Problem may break some ribs if done to hard and
  if can not do it if the patient is unconscious
• Use another type if unconscious