A Divided America: The French Revolution

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A Divided AmericaThe French Revolution Jays
Treaty
Presentation created by Robert Martinez Primary
Source Content Americas History Images as
cited.
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Americas merchants profited handsomely during
the French Revolution.
paulinespiratesandprivateer
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In 1793, President Washington issued a
Proclamation of Neutrality, which allowed U.S.
citizens to trade with both the British and the
French.
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As neutral carriers, American merchants were
initially able to pass their ships through the
British naval blockade of French ports soon they
dominated the lucrative sugar trade between
France and its West Indian islands.
americanhistory.si.edu
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Commercial earnings rose spectacularly, averaging
20 million annually in the 1790s, twice the
value of cotton and tobacco exports.
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As the American merchant fleet increased
dramatically, from 355,000 tons in 1790 to more
than 1.1 million tons in 1808, northern ship
owners provided work for thousands of
shipwrights, sail makers, laborers, and seamen.
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Hundreds of carpenters, masons, and cabinetmakers
in the major seaports of Boston, New York, and
Philadelphia found work building warehouses and
fashionable Federal-style town houses for newly
affluent merchants.
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Even as they profited from the European struggle,
Americans argued passionately over its
ideologies.
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Most Americans had welcomed the French Revolution
of 1789 because it abolished feudalism and
established a constitutional monarchy.
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There was much less consensus, however, in 1792,
when the French formed a democratic republic.
Many Americans applauded the downfall of the
French monarchy.
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Conversely, Americans with strong religious
beliefs condemned the new French government
because it rejected Christianity and closed many
churches, instead promoting a rational religion
based on natural morality.
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Wealthy Americans also condemned the execution of
King Louis XVI, three thousand of the kings
aristocratic supporters, and fourteen thousand
other citizens.
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These ideological conflicts sharpened the debate
over Hamiltons economic policies and helped to
stir up domestic insurrection.
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In 1794, farmers in western Pennsylvania mounted
the Whiskey Rebellion to protest Hamiltons
excise tax on spirits, which had raised the
price, and cut the demand, for the corn whiskey
they bartered for eastern manufactures.
roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes
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Like the Sons of Liberty in 1765 and the
Shaysites in 1786, the Whiskey rebels attacked
both local tax collectors and the authority of a
distant government.
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They also waved banners proclaiming the French
revolutionary slogan Liberty, Equality, and
Fraternity!
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To uphold national authority and deter
secessionist movements along the frontier,
President Washington raised an army of twelve
thousand troops and dispersed the Whiskey rebels.
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Britains maritime strategy widened the political
divisions in America. In November 1793, the Royal
Navy began to stop American ships carrying French
sugar, eventually seizing more than 250 vessels.
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Hoping to protect American property rights
through diplomacy, President Washington
dispatched John Jay to Britain.
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Jay returned with a controversial treaty that
acknowledged Britains right to remove French
property from neutral ships.
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The treaty also required the U.S. government to
make full and complete compensation to British
merchants for pre-Revolutionary War debts owed by
American citizens who refused to pay them.
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In return, the agreement allowed American
merchants to submit claims of illegal seizure to
arbitration and, more important, required the
British to remove their military garrisons from
the Northwest Territory and to end their alliance
with the Indians there.
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Jefferson and other Republicans attacked the
treaty for being too conciliatory, but the Senate
ratified it in 1795, albeit by the bare
two-thirds majority required by the Constitution.
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As long as Hamilton and his Federalist allies
were in power, the United States would have a
pro-British foreign policy.
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