6:4 Skeletal System

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64 Skeletal System

• Made of organs called bones
• Adult has 206 bones
• Serves as framework for muscles, fat, and skin
• Protects internal structures
• Produces blood cells
• Stores calcium

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Long Bones

• Bones of the extremities
• Diaphysis
• Epiphysis
• Medullary canal
• Yellow marrow

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Long Bones (continued)

• Endosteum
• Red marrow-found in vertebrae, ribs, sternum,
  cranium, proximal ends of humerus and femur
• Red marrow- produces red blood cells
  (erythrocytes), platelets (thrombocytes), and
  white blood cells (leukocytes).
• Red Marrow is used to diagnose blood diseases

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• Periosteum-covers outside of bone-contains blood
  vessels, lymph vessels, osteoblasts (form new
  bone tissue)
• Periosteum is needed for bone growth, repair, and
  nutrition.
• Articular cartilage-covers the epiphysis acts as
  shock absorber

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Axial Skeleton

• Forms the main trunk of the body
• Composed of the skull, spinal column, ribs and
  breastbone.

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Skull

• The cranium surrounds and protects the brain.
• Made of 8 bones frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal,
  occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid.
• Fontanels Soft spots, allow for the
  enlargement of the skull as brain growth occurs.
• Made of membrane and cartilage
• Turns to solid bone _at_ 18 months of age.

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Facial Bones

• 14 facial bones
• One mandible, two maxilla, two zygomatic, two
  lacrimal, five nasal, two palatine
• Sutures-areas where the cranial bones have joined
  together.

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Sutures
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Palatine bones
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• Sinuses-air spaces in the bones of the skull that
  act as resonating chambers for the voice
• Lined with mucous membranes.

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Sinuses
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Foramina

• Openings in bones that allow nerves and blood
  vessels to enter or leave the bone.

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Ribs

• 12 pairs of ribs or costae
• First 7 pair are true ribs, why?
• 5 pairs are false ribs
• Last two pair of
• false ribs are floating ribs

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Sternum

• Breastbone
• Consists of 3 parts manubrium, gladiolus,
  xyphoid process
• Two clavicles attach
• Ribs attach with cartilage

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Vertebrae

• 26 bones
• Protect the spinal cord and provide support for
• the head and trunk
• 7 cervical
• 12 thoracic
• 5 lumbar
• One sacrum
• One coccyx

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• Intervertebral disks-separate the vertebrae
• Act as shock absorbers and permit bending and
  twisting movements of the column.

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Appendicular Skeleton

• Forms the extremities
• Shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdles, leg
  bones

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Shoulder or Pectoral Girdle

• 2 clavicles (collarbones)
• 2 scapula (shoulder bones)
• Upper arm bones attach to scapula

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Bones of the Arm

• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges

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Bones of Pelvic Girdle

• Consists of 2 os coxae (coxal or hip bones)
• Symphysis pubis
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis
• Acetabula
• Obturator foramen

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Bones of the Legs

• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges

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Joints

• Where two or more bones join
• Ligaments-help hold long bones together
• Three types of joints
• diarthrosis-ball and socket (shoulder or hip),
  hinge joint (elbow and knee)
• amphiarthrosis-slightly movable ribs attached to
  the vertebrae
• synarthrosis-immovable cranium

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Diseases and Abnormal Conditions

• Arthritis-inflammation of the joints
  (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis)
• Bursitis-inflammation of the bursae (small,
  fluid-filled sacs surrounding the joints)

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• Fractures-6 types of fractures
• Dislocation-bone is forcibly displaced from a
  joint
• Sprain-twisting action tears the ligaments at a
  joint
• Osteomyelitis-bone inflammation caused by an
  infectious organisms

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Diseases and Abnormal Conditions (continued)

• Osteoporosis-increased porosity or softening of
  the bones caused by hormone deficiency, lack of
  calcium and sedentary lifestyle
• Ruptured disk

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• Abnormal curvature of spine
• Kyphosis
• Scoliosis
• Lordosis

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65 Muscular System

• 600 muscles in the body
• Bundles of muscle fibers held together with
  connective tissue

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Properties of muscles

• Excitability/Irritability-the ability to respond
  to a stimulus such as a nerve impulse.

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• Contractibility- muscle fibers that are
  stimulated by nerves contract, or become short
  and thick movement.

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Extensibility-ability to be stretched
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Elasticity-allows the muscle to return to its
original shape after it has contracted or
stretched.
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Types of Muscles

• Cardiac- Where in the body?
• Visceral (smooth)-Where in the body?
• Skeletal muscle-Where in the body?

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• Cardiac muscle-form the walls of the heart and
  contracts to circulate blood.
• Visceral (smooth)-found in the internal organs of
  the body such as digestive and respiratory
  system, blood vessels and eyes.
• Cardiac and visceral muscles are involuntary.

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• Skeletal muscle-attach to bones and causes body
  movement. Movement is voluntary.

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Functions of Muscles

• Attach bones to provide voluntary movement
• Produce heat and energy
• Help maintain posture
• Protect internal organs

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Attachments to Bone

• Tendons-strong, tough connective-tissue cords
• -ex Gastrocnemius which attaches to the
  calcaneus by the Achilles tendon.

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• Fascia-tough, sheet-like membrane that covers and
  protects the tissue
• Ex deep muscles of the trunk and back which are
  surrounded by lumbodorsal fascia.

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• Origin and insertion
• Origin-the end of the muscle that does not move
• Insertion-the end that moves when the muscle
  contracts

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Actions or Movements of Muscles

• Adduction
• Abduction
• Flexion
• Extension
• Rotation
• Circumduction

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Adduction Abduction
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Muscle Tone

• Partially contracted at all times
• Muscle tone allows for state of readiness
• Loss of muscle tone-paralysis prolonged
  hospitalization can cause muscle atrophy
• Contracture-severe tightening of a flexor muscle
  resulting in bending of a joint

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Diseases and Abnormal Conditions

• Fibromyalgia
• Muscular dystrophy
• Myasthenia gravis
• Muscle spasms or cramps
• Strain

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Fibromyalgia

• What is Fibromyalgia?
• -Chronic, widespread pain, stiffness, numbness,
  tingling at muscle sites.
• -Fatigue, sleep disturbance, headaches,
  depression.
• What causes it?
• -Cause is unknown suspect stress, weather, poor
  physical fitness

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• How is it treated?
• -Directed toward pain relief physical therapy,
  massage, exercise, stress reduction and
  medication to relax muscles.

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Muscular Dystrophy

• What is it?
• -inherited diseases that lead to chronic,
  progressive muscle atrophy.
• What causes it?
• -Passed through genetics.
• How is it treated?
• -There is no cure. Progression slowed by physical
  therapy.

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Myasthenia Gravis

• What is it?
• -chronic condition where nerve impulses are not
  properly sent to the muscles. This causes
  paralysis and muscle weakness.
• What causes it?
• -Unknown
• How is it treated?
• -Supportive treatment to keep pt healthy

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Muscle spasms

• What is it?
• -cramps sudden painful, involuntary muscle
  contractions
• What causes it?
• Overexertion, low electrolyte levels, poor
  circulation.
• How is it treated?
• Gentle pressure and stretching to relieve the
  spasm.

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Strain

• What is it?
• Overstretching of or injury to a muscle or
  tendon.
• What causes it?
• Prolonged or sudden muscle exertion
• How is it treated?
• Muscle relaxants, elevating the extremity,
  alternating hot and cold treatments

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