The Respiratory System

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The Respiratory System

• VS 223
• Dr. Noland

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Primary and Secondary Functions

• GAS EXCHANGE
• voice production
• temperature regulation
• acid-base balance
• sense of smell

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Nares
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Nasal Cavity, Sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx
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Trachea, Main Stem Bronchi
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Pseudo-stratified Ciliated Columnar epithelium
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Bronchioles and Alveoli
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Gas Exchange
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Inspiration
Active process involving the diaphragm and
intercostal muscles
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Expiration
Usually passive Can become active Using internal
intercoastal and abdominal muscles
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Elasticity

• Lungs are compliant- they have the ability
• to stretch and recoil like a balloon

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Apnea and Dyspnea

• Apnea- absence or cessation of breathing
• Dyspnea- difficult breathing

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Negative Intrapleural Pressure

• -2 to -4 mm Hg pressure maintained in the pleural
  space to aid in
• Keeping lungs expanded
• Return of blood to the heart

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Alveolar Membrane

• Surfactant and water layer
• Alveolar wall- Simple squamous epithelium
• 3) Basement membrane of alveolar wall
• 4) Interstitial space
• 5) Capillary wall- Simple squamous epithelium
• 6) Basement membrane of cap wall

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Alveolar Capillary Membrane
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The factors that effect rate of gas exchange

• Partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2
• Surface area of alveolar membrane
• Thickness of capillary-alveolar membrane
• Ventilation- perfusion mismatch