Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

• Chp. 1

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I. Introduction
The study of the structure of the body
Anatomy -
Physiology -
The study of the function of the body
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II. Characteristics of Life
Excretion
Movement
Responsiveness
Growth
Reproduction
Respiration
Digestion
Absorption
Circulation
Assimilation
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III. Maintenance of Life
A. Needs of Organisms
Water,
Food,
Oxygen,
Heat,
Pressure
B. Homeostasis -
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
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IV. Levels of Organization
A. Smallest to Largest
B. Vary in complexity along with size
molecules
organelles
atoms
tissue
organ
cell
Organ system
organism
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Organization of the Human Body
I. Main Body Cavities
Appendicular
Axial
(upper lower limbs)
(head, neck, trunk)
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Axial
Dorsal
Ventral
Vertebral canal
cranial
(vertebrae/ spinal cord)
(brain/skull)
Abdominopelvic
Thoracic
(abdomen pelvis)
(chest)
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II. Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membrane
A. Thoracic compartments are lined with a
membrane called the parietal pleura
B. Lungs are lined with a membrane called the
visceral pleura
C. Pleural cavity between the membranes
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D. Pericardial membranes
1. Visceral pericardium -
Hearts surface
2. Pericardial cavity
3. Small amount of fluid between
4. Parietal pericardium -
Top membrane layer
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E. Peritoneal membranes
1. Parietal peritoneum -
Lines the wall of the abdomen
2. Visceral peritoneum -
Covers each organ
3. Peritoneal cavity -
Potential space in between
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Organ Systems
I. Body Covering
Integumentary - skin and accessory organs
II. Support and Movement
A. Skeletal - bones, ligaments, and cartilage
B. Muscular
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III. Integration and Coordination
A. Nervous - brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
sense organs
B. Endocrine - hormonal glands
IV. Processing and Transporting
A. Cardiovascular - heart, blood, and blood
vessels
B. Lymphatic - defense movement of thicker
body fluids
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C. Digestive - mouth, tongue, salivary
glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver,
gall bladder, pancreas, small large
intestine
D. Respiratory - nasal cavity, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchii, lungs
E. Urinary - kidneys, ureters, urinary
bladder, urethra
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V. Reproduction
A. Male Reproductive - scrotum, testes,
epididymus, vasa deferentia, seminal
vessicles prostate and bulbourethral
glands, penis, urethra
B. Female Reproductive - ovaries, uterine
tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva
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Anatomical Terminology
I. Anatomical Position
Stand erect, face forward, arms at side, palms
forward
II. Relative position
A. Superior -
Above or closer to the head
B. Inferior - below/toward feet
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To the front
C. Anterior(Ventral) -
D. Posterior(dorsal) -
To the back
E. Medial -
To the midline
F. Lateral -
Away from the midline
G. Proximal -
Closer to the point of attachment
H. Distal -
Opposite of proximal
I. Superficial -
Near the surface
J. Deep -
More internal
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III. Body Sections
A. Saggital - right and left (median plane)
B. Transverse - top and bottom (horizontal
plane)
C. Coronal (Frontal) - anterior and
posterior
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D. Cross Section - cut across
E. Oblique section - angular cut
F. longitudinal section - lengthwise
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IV. Body Regions
Right hypo- chondriac
Left hypochondriac
Epi- gastric
Left lumbar
Right lumbar
Umbilli- cal
Left iliac
Hypo- gastric
Right iliac