Interactions between Europeans and Arabs

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Interactions between Europeans and Arabs

• The Crusades
• 1095 1291
• Map

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Crusades
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Crusader states

• Principality of Antioch
• Tripoli
• Edessa
• Armenia

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Major Crusades
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Europe 1000 to 1100
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Europe 1000-1100
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Political Causes

• European Expansionism
• Conversion to Christianity of Vikings and Magyars
  removes pressure on Europe
• Battle of Hastings, 1066
• Authority centralized under William the Norman
• Battle of Lechfeld, 955
• Otto of the Germanic Holy Roman Empire defeats
  the Magyars and many of them convert
• Christians begin advances to establish control of
  the Western Mediterranean region
• Capture of Toledo from Moslems, 1087
• Capture of Sicily from Moslems, 1091
• Agricultural advances increase food supply
• Moldboard, three field system

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Why did Pope Urban II call for a Crusade in
1095(what did he hope to gain)

• to unite European Christians in a common cause
• to make the kings and noble vassals under his
  spiritual leadership
• to return the Holy Lands to Christian control
• Provide occasion for healing Great Schism (1064)
  on Rome's terms
• to subject the Eastern orthodox churches to Rome
• Obligate the Byzantines
• Drive Turks from Anatolia

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Why did people go on Crusades?

• Religious convictions
• they viewed the Holy Lands as rightfully theirs,
  and, in a Holy War, dying for the cause led to
  salvation.
• The kings and nobles saw the opportunity for
  glory at home and the power of landholdings in
  the Middle East.
• Merchants saw a chance for quick gain and a
  chance for trade expansion.
• The lower classes could
• have their taxes canceled or paid by the church
• avoid jail by going
• plunder for personal gain.

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Council of Clermont, 1095

• If any one through devotion alone, and not for
  the sake of honor or gain, goes to Jerusalem to
  free the church of God, the journey itself shall
  take the place of all penance.

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Why Did the Crusades Fail?

• There was never a supreme commander power
  struggles between kings, knights, and nobles led
  to disunity.
• Poor tactics and strategy and the inability to
  adapt to military methods suitable from the
  region and the enemy.
• Lack of geographical knowledge.
• Refusal to swear allegiance to Byzantine emperor
  and receive his support and information.
• Difficulties in maintaining supplies led to
  "barbarian' acts by civilized Europeans.
• They established a castle defense only along the
  coast and never incorporated the allegiance of
  the local people.

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Social, Economic, and Political Changes

• improved status of women
• improved prestige of church
• Feudalism declined because power became more
  centralized.
• The power of individual kings increased and
  lesser kings decreased.
• Cultures mixed and changed
• New products were introduced
• Trade increased

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Effects

• Stimulated Trade
• Towns grew on size and importance
• New products plus greater mobility
• Strengthened the Kings or Centralized Power
• While kings and their knights were away fighting
  their territory was confiscated or conquered by a
  few left behind consolidating the territory under
  a few kings instead of many.
• Weakened Serfdom
• Serfs gained their freedom on the crusades and
  while their masters were away or killed moved
  into the manor or to the new towns
• New town laws changed the base of power from the
  nobles to the leaders of the town
• Encouraged learning

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Upheaval in the East

• Events in Moslem World
• Battle of Manzikert, 1071
• decline of Byzantine fortunes to The Battle of
  Manzikert. It is also considered one of the root
  causes for the later Crusades
• defeat showed the Seljuks that the Byzantines
  were not invincible
• West saw The Battle of Manzikert as a signal that
  Byzantium was no longer capable of being the
  protector of Eastern Christianity.
• Byzantines lose Anatolia to Turks.
• Loss foreshadows eventual end of Byzantine
  Empire.
• Turks disrupt pilgrim traffic.

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Call for a Crusade

• Urban II calls for Crusade, 1095
• Political Objectives of the church
• Drive Turks from Anatolia
• Obligate the Byzantines
• Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on
  Rome's terms
• Capture Holy Land

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Major Events of Crusades1-8 Crusades

• I Crusade 1097-1098
• Achieves all major objectives in Holy Land
• Turkish threat blunted, though not eliminated
• Area not strategic to Moslems, could have been
  held indefinitely with a little skill.
• Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling.
• Crusaders attempt to destabilize neighbors

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Major Events of Crusades

• II Crusade, 1147-1148
• Military failure, discredits Crusaders as
  military threat
• III Crusade, 1189-1191
• Kings crusade
• Richard I of England
• Phillip II of France
• Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire
• Well-known in literature (Robin Hood)
• Saladin
• Battle of Acre

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IV Crusade

• IV Crusade, 1199-1204
• Western-Greek relations always strained, mutual
  contempt.
• To finance crusade, Crusaders work for Venetians
• Crusaders sack Constantinople, 1204
• Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost.
• In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines
  preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.

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V VI Crusades

• V Crusade 1218-1219
• Capture Damietta, swap for Jerusalem
• Moslems agree
• Crusaders try to conquer Egypt, are routed
• VI Crusade 1229
• Frederick II of Germany did little fighting and a
  lot of negotiation
• Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the
  other holy cities and a truce of ten years
• He was widely condemned for conducting the
  Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting.

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VII VIII Crusades

• VII Crusade 1248-1254
• Led by Louis IX of France
• Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade
• VIII Crusade 1270
• Led by Louis IX of France
• Louis brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily,
  had strategic plans of his own and diverted the
  expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died.
• The last Crusader cities on the mainland of
  Palestine fell in 1291
• One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.

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Lost the Battle but won the war
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Crusades or the European incursions to the Holy
Lands

• Lack of interest, rising European prosperity
• Repeated military defeats
• Discredited by "crusades" against Christians
• Byzantine

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Effects of Crusades

• Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire
• Vast increase in cultural horizons for many
  Europeans
• Decrease in serfdom
• Stimulated Mediterranean trade.
• Increased trade throughout Europe
• Cities grew
• Because cities grew influence of the lords
  declined serfs left the manors for the cities
  no longer needed the protection of the knights
  Feudalism was no longer effective
• Role of the Castle changed from protection to
  residence
• Need to transfer large sums of money for troops
  and supplies led to development of banking
  techniques.
• Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms
• Romantic and imaginative literature.
• New products

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Effects of Crusades

• Knowledge introduced to Europe
• Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and
  stone churches.
• Siege technology, tunneling, sapping.
• Moslem minarets adopted as church spires
• Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes
• Enrichment was primarily from East to
  West--Europe had little to give in return.

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European products and changes

• Heraldic emblems
• Shipbuilding and navigational skills increased
• University concept was introduced based on
  Baghdad, Cairo and Cordoba models
• Mosaics
• Stained glass windows
• Guitar and violin
• Tree grafting introduced
• Use of coined money increased
• Gold standard established
• National taxes
• Cotton paper making process replaced importing
  parchment
• The amount of writing increased
• Handkerchief was introduced
• Decrease in spread of disease
• Arabic numbers, Decimals
• Spherical trigonometry
• Algebra
• Sine and tangent

• Physics and astronomy
• Pendulum
• Optics - Telescope
• Cinnamon, Cloves , Mace
• Nutmeg, Saffron, Pepper
• Sugar cane - Syrup
• Lemons, Apricots, Plums
• Dates, Rhubarb, Almonds
• Shallots, Watermelons
• Silk, Linen cotton, Velvet
• Pearls
• Ivory
• Rouge - Henna
• Glass mirrors
• Cotton
• Sofa - Mattress
• Barracks
• Magazine
• Arsenal

• New alliances
• Kings centralized political system as land
  confiscated and nobles owe allegiance directly to
  monarch
• Towns grew in size both population and territory
• Burgess
• guilds
• Merchants benefited from increased trade and
  loaned money
• Jewish role in society changed (church usury and
  money lenders)
• Geographic knowledge increased and cartographers
  in demand
• New architectural styles as concentric castle
  designs introduced
• Supreme commander concept for military
• National armies institutionalized

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Too many cracks

• Crusades caused changes that created a
  questioning environment and one that was based on
  reason more than faith.
• Although the power of the church was initially
  strengthened the questioning attitude created a
  split and ultimate reform within the church
• Like Humpty Dumpty the castles - knights
  lords and ladies - came tumbling down