Subordinating conjunctions show

1
Subordinate Clauses

• Subordinating conjunctions show
• relations between clauses.

2
What are the parts of clauses?

• Individual Words (Parts of Speech)
• Nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, subordinators
• Groups of Words
• Clauses (main, dependent, relative), phrases
• Punctuation
• Commas, colons, hyphens, question marks,
  full-stops

• What is each item?
• subject
• verb
• object
• prepositional phrase
• __1. American Eagle
• __2. is closing
• __3. several outlets
• __4. during this year
• __5. due to the economy

3
What are the parts of clauses?

• Individual Words (Parts of Speech)
• Nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, subordinators
• Groups of Words
• Clauses (main, dependent, relative), phrases
• Punctuation
• Commas, colons, hyphens, question marks,
  full-stops

• What is each item?
• subject
• verb
• object
• prepositional phrase
• S 1. American Eagle
• V 2. is closing
• O 3. several outlets
• P 4. during this year
• P 5. due to the economy

4
What are subordinators?

• Subordinators are the conjunctions that join
  unequal clauses.
• The four most common subordinators are
• because
• since
• although
• whereas
• All four common subordinators can connect clauses.

How devalued is the parrot?
5
Why use subordinators?

• Subordinate clauses clarify connections between
  ideas and facts.
• There is both a main clause and a subordinate
  one.
• Main clauses can stand alone.
• Subordinate clauses are incomplete without their
  main clause!

• Can you identify the subordinate clauses?
• When you came in, I was presenting.
• It is too bad that you missed a lot.
• Whereas you came late, the others came early.
• They got more since they were here longer.

Which clause is stronger, main or subordinate?
6
How do subordinators work?

• Because shows cause- effect relationship between
  ideas.
• Since can mean the same as because when it is not
  about time.
• Although tells contrast and often concession
  between ideas.
• Whereas tells contrast and often concession
  between ideas.

• Jon ate three hot dogs __ he was very hungry.
• Ali studies English __ he needs to use the
  language.
• Maria is a college student __ she doesnt have a
  major yet.
• Ricardo is a senior __ his sister is still only a
  junior.

Which punctuation mark do we use before clause
coordinators?
7
Can you use the subordinators?

• Use because, although
• The janitor cleaned the floor __ it was dirty.
• The janitor cleaned the floor __ it was not
  dirty.
• The president spoke __ it was important.
• The president spoke __ it wasnt important.

Hows this for a reason?
8
Learn three more subordinators.

• So that tells why something is done
• Bob wore casual clothes so that hed feel
  comfortable.
• As if means like
• He feels bad, as if it were his fault.
• Even if emphasizes if
• He wont come even if we give him cash.

Is an opinion stronger with money?
9
Can you use the subordinators?

• Use so that, as if, even if
• Take an umbrella __ you dont get wet.
• Students have to study __ they dont feel like
  doing it.
• It looks __ it is going to rain tonight.
• Mel learned the words __ he knew them very well.

Would you learn more with more teachers?
10
Subordinators can link words and phrases.

• The words that we see as subordinators can also
  connect words and phrases
• Most people work because of money.
• Harry worked as a janitor overnight.
• If not, he would have just slept.
• Our class have been meeting in this classroom
  since August.

How open is the door?
11
Can you use the subordinators?

• Use since, whereas
• What are you supposed to do __ you are in an
  English writing class?
• Alex copied one of the answers __ he was not
  supposed to do that.
• Patricia often learns words easily __ she has
  more problems with numbers.

Isnt the man alright since he has a radio?
12
Learn more subordinate conjunctions.

• Unless means if not.
• You wont get a good grade unless you learn the
  information.
• Until means up to a certain time.
• You can use the computer until class is over.
• Now that means because.
• Now that you are here, lets begin.

Did the Spanish defeat the Indians or was it
their diseases?
13
Can you use contrast subordinators?

• Use although and since
• __ it is early, Marla is already tired.
• __ Lily speaks Thai, she is in Thailand.
• Abdul is studying __ he has an exam.
• Carol knows the answer __ she isnt saying
  anything.

Is laughing sometimes the best answer?
14
Can you use conditional subordinators?

• Use unless, until, and now that
• A car isnt really yours __ you buy it.
• The quiz is open __ it is the right time.
• It will be difficult to walk __ the wind stops
  before then.
• There is no answer __ you have one.

Can the man stop the wind?
15
Can you use time subordinators?

• Use before, after, and while
• Can you talk on a cell phone __ you are driving a
  car?
• Most students dont know new words __ they study
  them.
• It is better to take the quizzes __ preparing for
  them.

When are gyms the busiest?
16
Differentiate that, then, and than.

• That links noun clauses to main clauses.
• He said that he was in trouble.
• Then means next.
• He talked, and then she was surprised.
• Than is comparative.
• His body is fatter than hers.

Is the woman in better shape than the man?
17
Can you use that, then, and than?

• The man hit, and __ she started to cry.
• Are you taller __ five feet?
• Did you know __ there are few classes on the
  weekends?
• Are you concerned __ the price of gas may
  increase?
• Is it hotter in June __ in July?

How do the horses feel?
18
You can use that, then, and than

• The man hit, and then she started to cry.
• Are you taller than five feet?
• Did you know that there are few classes on the
  weekends?
• Are you concerned that the price of gas may
  increase?
• Is it hotter in June than in July?

Should the consumer expect much more than that?
19
Is a dependant clause complete?

• Subordinators like although, because, and if make
  the thought that follows it incomplete
• Which of these two clauses is incomplete?
• She finished her exams on Thursday.
• As soon as she finished her exams on Thursday.

Is the politicians idea very incomplete?
20
When do we use commas?

• If the subordinator is at the start of the
  sentence, a comma is required
• Because it is rainy, we arent going out.
• Whereas it is early, we need to learn it.
• If you need a snack, go to the student center
  after class.

• Use no comma if the subordinator is in the middle
  of the sentence
• We arent going out because it is rainy.
• We need to learn it even if it is early.
• Go to the student center if you need a snack.

Can you sort out the comma usage?
21
Which ones need commas?

• After the class ends__ we leave the room__ and
  another class enters.
• Very few students remain in the room after
  class__ since they have another class in another
  room.
• Not many teachers stay in the room__ although it
  happens.

• Rising energy costs led to the four day college
  week__ so it might go further.
• While students can commute at current gas
  prices__ any increase could make some drop out.
• The college could be forced to reduce the days__
  or lose student attendance.

Can you sort out comma usage?
22
Which ones need commas?

• After the class ends, we leave the room, and
  another class enters.
• Very few students remain in the room after
  class__ since they have another class in another
  room.
• Not many teachers stay in the room, although it
  happens.

• Rising energy costs led to the four day college
  week, so it might go further.
• While students can commute at current gas prices
  , any increase could make some drop out.
• The college could be forced to reduce the days,
  or lose student attendance.

Can you sort out comma usage?
23
What type of sentence is it?

• Is each sentence simple, joined, or complex?
• __ 1. Whereas lower managers do the research,
  middle managers compose the major reports.
• __2. Business majors are forced to write reports
  every week.
• __3. Being in higher studies, college juniors and
  seniors often write ten-page analyses.
• __4. They still have to take some objective
  exams, yet their number will be greatly reduced.
• __5. Few want hourly jobs inasmuch as salaried
  ones pay better.

24
The type of sentence it is

• The sentences are simple, joined, and complex
• C 1. Whereas lower managers do the research,
  middle managers compose the major reports.
• S 2. Business majors are forced to write reports
  every week.
• C 3. Being in higher studies, college juniors
  and seniors often write ten-page analyses.
• J 4. They still have to take some objective
  exams, yet their number will be greatly reduced.
• C 5. Few want hourly jobs inasmuch as salaried
  ones pay better.

25
Whats wrong with the sentences?

• CBIC World Markets has just released a major
  report on oil futures. The study finds that
  global petroleum is becoming increasingly scarce.
  New deepwater oil fields are proving to be very
  costly and late to develop. Soaring rates of
  automotive production in India, China, and Russia
  have boosted fuel demands. The combination of
  hard-to-get oil reserves and rising fuel demands
  is pushing oil prices upward. The study
  concludes that American consumers should brace
  themselves for at least 50 higher gas prices in
  the next four years.

Are these simple, compound, or complex sentences?
26
The sentences are all simple!

• CBIC World Markets has just released a major
  report on oil futures. The study finds that
  global petroleum is becoming increasingly scarce.
  New deepwater oil fields are proving to be very
  costly and late to develop. Soaring rates of
  automotive production in India, China, and Russia
  have boosted fuel demands. The combination of
  hard-to-get oil reserves and rising fuel demands
  is pushing oil prices upward. The study
  concludes that American consumers should brace
  themselves for at least 50 higher gas prices in
  the next four years.

Are all simple sentences good for a report?
27
What kind of sentences are these?

• CBIC World Markets has just released a major
  report on oil futures, and the study finds that
  global petroleum is becoming increasingly scarce.
  New deepwater oil fields are proving to be very
  costly, but they are also late to develop.
  Soaring rates of automotive production in India,
  China, and Russia have boosted fuel demands, so
  the combination of hard-to-get oil reserves and
  rising fuel demands is pushing oil prices upward.
  The study concludes that American consumers
  should brace themselves for at least 50 higher
  gas prices in the next four years.

Are these simple, compound, or complex sentences?
28
They are all compound or joined!

• CBIC World Markets has just released a major
  report on oil futures, and the study finds that
  global petroleum is becoming increasingly scarce.
  New deepwater oil fields are proving to be very
  costly, but they are also late to develop.
  Soaring rates of automotive production in India,
  China, and Russia have boosted fuel demands, so
  the combination of hard-to-get oil reserves and
  rising fuel demands is pushing oil prices upward.
  The study concludes that American consumers
  should brace themselves for at least 50 higher
  gas prices in the next four years.

Are all compound sentences ideal for a report?
29
What kinds of sentences are these?

• CBIC World Markets has just released a major
  report on oil futures, finding that worldwide
  petroleum is becoming increasingly scarce.
  Whereas new deepwater oil fields are proving to
  be very costly and late to develop, soaring rates
  of automotive production in India, China, and
  Russia have boosted fuel demands. Hard-to-get
  oil reserves stress prices when rising fuel
  demands are already pushing oil prices upward.
  The study concludes that American consumers
  should brace themselves for at least 50 higher
  gas prices in the next four years.

Are they simple, compound, or complex?
30
The sentences are all complex

• CBIC World Markets has just released a major
  report on oil futures, finding that worldwide
  petroleum is becoming increasingly scarce.
  Whereas new deepwater oil fields are proving to
  be very costly and late to develop, soaring rates
  of automotive production in India, China, and
  Russia have boosted fuel demands. Hard-to-get
  oil reserves stress prices while rising fuel
  demands are already pushing oil prices upward.
  The study concludes that American consumers
  should brace themselves for at least 50 higher
  gas prices in the next four years.

Arent complex sentences suitable for a complex
report?