Kingdoms Fungi

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Lecture 017
Kingdoms Fungi Plantae
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Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista
Monera
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Kingdom Fungi
About 100,000 species
Kingdom Plantae
About 300,000 species
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Kingdom Fungi
About 100,000 species

• Uses
• medicine
• food
• Ecological value
• major decomposers
• symbiotic relationships (N2 fixers)
• Problems
• some strains are deadly
• athletes foot
• destroy library books
• destroy crops

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Some fungi are pathogens

• About 30 of the 100,000 known species of fungi
  are parasites, mostly on or in plants.
• American elms
• Dutch Elm Disease

• American chestnut
• chestnut blight

Was once one of America's most dominant trees
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Some fungi are pathogens

• Other fungi, such as rusts and ergots, infect
  grain crops, causing tremendous economic losses
  each year.

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Some fungi are pathogens

• Curse of the Mummy

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Some fungi are persistant
Athletes Foot
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Kingdom Fungi

• Eukaryotic, absorptive
• Mostly multicellular (except few, e.g. yeast)
• Heterotrophic (decomposers parasitic)
• Mycelium (body of hyphae)
• Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms

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Kingdom Fungi
Firm cell walls (generally of chitin) Spores
as reproductive bodies Unique chromosomes and
nuclei
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• hyphae - the vegetative bodies of most fungi,
  constructed of tiny filaments
• mycelium -an interwoven mat of hyphae

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Human hair
Fungal hypha
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• Septate hypha
• multicellular
• walls divided by septa

• Ceonocytic hypha
• continuous cytoplasm mass
• multinucleate
• no septa

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• Haustoria
• Modified hyphae found in parasitic fungi
• Function absorb nutrients from host
• Some fungi even have hyphae adapted for preying
  on animals.

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Kingdom Fungi
Division Chytridiomycota Division
Ascomycota Division Basidiomycota Division
Zygomycota Division Deuteromycota
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Deuteromycota
Fungus-like protist
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• The four fungal phyla can be distinguished by
  their reproductive features.

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Division Chytridiomycota

• mainly aquatic.
• Some are saprobes, while others parasitize
  protists, plants, and animals.
• chitinous cell wall
• flagellated zoospores
• the most primitive fungi

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Division Zygomycota
Zygote fungi(bread molds) Zygote mated
hyphal strands Live in soil, water Some are
parasites
600 species
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Mated hyphal strands
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Division Ascomycota
Sac fungi(truffles, yeast) Beer gt 6,000
years Wine gt 8,000 years Lichens Decomposers,
pathogens
yeast describes a form of fungi (i.e.,
non-hyphal)
60,000 species
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Division Ascomycota
Scarlet cup
Morchella
truffles
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Division Ascomycota
Close up of cheese showing blue-green mycelium of
Penicillium roqueforti.
Roquefort cheese
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Yeast
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Lichen
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• Lichen Anatomy

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Division Basidiomycota
Club fungi(mushrooms) Club-shaped reproductive
structure Food Plant diseases
25,000 species
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Fairy Ring
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Division Deuteromycota
Imperfect fungi(penicillin) Unrelated
group Asexual No info on sexual cycle
25,000 species
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Penicillin
Woops now Ascomycota
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Candida albicans yeast infection
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Botrytis Noble Rot
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Plant-Fungal Relationships
Mycorrhizae (fungus roots) 90 of tree species
have this association Very important to
absorption of water and nutrients
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Soil surface
Plant roots
Mycorrhizae
Increases s.a. for absorption
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Kingdom Plantae
Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with cells
organized into distinct tissues. Photoautotrophic
nutrition. Most adapted for a terrestrial
existence and possessing vascular tissues. Cells
with chloroplasts and cellulose cell
walls. Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees,
cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants.
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Kingdom Plantae
Division Bryophyta Division Pteridophyta Division
Coniferophyta Division Anthophyta
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Kingdom Plantae
Coniferophyta
Pteridophyta
Anthophyta
Bryophyta
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Division Bryophyta
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts Moist
terrestrial No vascular tissue
16,000 species
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Vascular Systems
Water
Ability to grow tall
Water uptake
Anchor
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Works in a dry environment
Reproduction
Pollen
Seedsor spores
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Division Pteridophyta
Ferns True vascular system Seedless (spores)
12,000 species
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Division Coniferophyta
Conifers (pines) Naked seedsin a cone Tallest,
oldest plants Important source of wood, paper
500 species
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Division Anthophyta
Flowering plants Particularly successful in dry
habitats Flowers and fruits associations with
animals Transport sperm reproductive propagules
230,000 species
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Sea grasses
Halophilia hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in
Hawaii
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Mangroves
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Agriculture is based almost entirely on
angiosperms

• Flowering plants provide nearly all our food.
• All of our fruit and vegetable crops are
  angiosperms.
• Corn, rice, wheat, and other grain are grass
  fruits.
• The endosperm of the grain seeds is the main food
  source for most of the people of the world and
  their domesticated animals.
• We also grow angiosperms for fiber, medications,
  perfumes, and decoration.

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Adverse Practices Swidden (Slash Burn
Agriculture )
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Logging Practices
Tropical deforestation is taking a heavy toll on
global biodiversity.
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A sample of medicine derived from plants
Compound Example of Source Example of Use
Atropine Belladonna plant Pupil dilator in
eye Digitalin Foxglove Heart Medication Menthol E
ucalyptus tree Ingredient in cough
medicines Morphine Opium poppy Pain
reliever Quinine Quinine tree Malaria
preventative Taxol Pacific Yew tree Ovarian
cancer drug Tubocurarine Curare tree Muscle
relaxant during surgery Vinblastine Periwinkle Le
ukemia drug

• More than 25 of prescription drugs are extracted
  from plants, and many more medicinal compounds
  were first discovered in plants and then
  synthesized artificially.

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