Kingdom Fungi

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Kingdom Fungi
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The Characteristics of Fungi
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The Characteristics of Fungi

• Eukaryotes - true nucleus and other organelles
  present.
• Non-Photosynthetic organisms
• Most fungi are multicellular heterotrophs (cant
  make own food)
• Cell wall present, composed of cellulose and/or
  chitin.
• Food storage - generally in the form of lipids
  and glycogen.
• Fungi can be both microscopic and macroscopic
  common macroscopic varieties are molds and
  mushrooms
• All fungi require water and oxygen to grow
  reproduce.
• Fungi grow in almost every habitat imaginable,
  as long as there is some type of organic matter
  present and the environment is not too extreme.

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• Saprophytes or saprobes - fungi feed on dead
  tissues or organic waste (decomposers)
• Fungi can sometimes attack the tissues of living
  plants and animals and cause disease.
• Fungi disease is a major concern for humans
  because fungi attack not only us but also our
  food sources, making fungi competitors with
  humans for nutrients
• Mold spores can cause mild to serious allergies.
  Spores can be airborne , be inhaled, and trigger
  an allergic reaction

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Fungi as Saprobes and Decomposers
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Molds

• Rapidly growth
• Asexual spores
• Many human importances
• Food spoilage
• Food products
• Antibiotics, etc.

Noble Rot - Botrytis
Fig 31.21 Antibiotic activity
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Fungi as Parasites Pathogens
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Fungi are Spore-ific!!!

• Spores - asexual (product of mitosis) or sexual
  (product of meiosis) in origin.
• Purpose of Spores
• Allows the fungus to move to new food source.
• Resistant stage - allows fungus to survive
  periods of adversity.
• Means of introducing new genetic combinations
  into a population

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Reproduce by spores

• Spores are reproductive cells
• Sexual (meiotic in origin)
• Asexual (mitotic in origin)

Penicillium hyphae with conidia
Pilobolus sporangia
Amanita fruiting body
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Sac fungi diversity
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Bioluminescence in Mycena
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Yeasts

• Single celled fungi
• Adapted to liquids
• Plant saps
• Water films
• Moist animal tissues

Candida
Saccharomyces
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HUMAN-FUNGUS INTERACTIONS

• Beneficial Effects of Fungi
• Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling.
• Biosynthetic factories. Can be used to produce
  drugs, antibiotics, alcohol, acids, food (e.g.,
  fermented products, mushrooms).
• Model organisms for biochemical and genetic
  studies.
• Harmful Effects of Fungi
• Destruction of food, lumber, paper, and cloth.
• Animal and human diseases, including allergies.
• Toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms and within
  food (e.g., grain, cheese, etc.).
• Plant diseases.

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Fungal Infections

• Athlete's Foot
• Athlete's foot, also called tinea pedis, is a
  fungal infection of the foot. It causes peeling,
  redness, itching, burning, and sometimes blisters
  and sores.
• Athlete's foot is a very common infection. The
  fungus grows best in a warm, moist environment
  such as shoes, socks, swimming pools, locker
  rooms, and the floors of public showers. It is
  most common in the summer and in warm, humid
  climates. It occurs more often in people who wear
  tight shoes and who use community baths and
  pools.

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• What Causes Athletes Foot?
• Athlete's foot is caused by a microscopic fungus
  that lives on dead tissue of the hair, toenails,
  and outer skin layers.
• What Are the Symptoms of Athlete's Foot?
• Signs and symptoms of athlete's foot vary from
  person to person. However, common symptoms
  include 
• Peeling, cracking, and scaling of the feet
• Redness, blisters, or softening and breaking down
  of the skin
• Itching, burning, or both

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• How Is Athlete's Foot Treated?
• Athlete's foot is treated with topical antifungal
  medication (a drug placed directly on the skin)
  in most cases. Severe cases may require oral
  drugs (those taken by mouth). The feet must be
  kept clean and dry since the fungus thrives in
  moist environments.
• How Is Athlete's Foot Prevented?
• Steps to prevent athlete's foot include wearing
  shower sandals in public showering areas, wearing
  shoes that allow the feet to breathe, and daily
  washing of the feet with soap and water. Drying
  the feet thoroughly and using a quality foot
  powder can also help prevent athlete's foot
•  

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Athletes Foot
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Ringworm

• What is ringworm of the skin?
• Ringworm of the skin is an infection caused by a
  fungus.
• Jock itch is a form of ringworm that causes an
  itchy rash on the skin of your groin area. It is
  much more common in men than in women. Jock itch
  may be caused by the spread of athlete's foot
  fungus to the groin.
• What causes ringworm?
• Ringworm is not caused by a worm. It is caused by
  a fungus. Grow best in warm, moist areas, such as
  locker rooms and swimming pools, and in skin
  folds.
• Ringworm is contagious!. It spreads when you have
  skin-to-skin contact with a person or animal that
  has it. It can also spread when you share things
  like towels, clothing, or sports gear.
• You can also get ringworm by touching an infected
  dog or cat, although this form of ringworm is not
  common

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What are the symptoms?

• Ringworm of the skin usually causes a very itchy
  rash. It often makes a pattern in the shape of a
  ring, but not always. Sometimes it is just a red,
  itchy rash.
• Jock itch is a rash in the skin folds of the
  groin. It may also spread to the inner thighs or
  buttocks.
• Ringworm of the hand looks like athlete's foot.
  The skin on the palm of the hand gets thick, dry,
  and scaly. And skin between the fingers may be
  moist and have open sores.

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How is ringworm of the skin diagnosed?

• If you have a ring-shaped rash, you very likely
  have ringworm. Dr. will probably look at a
  scraping from the rash under a microscope to
  check for the ringworm fungus.
• How is it treated?
• Topical creams

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• To prevent ringworm
• Don't share clothing, sports gear, towels, or
  sheets. Wash your clothes in hot water with
  special anti-fungus soap.
• Wear slippers or sandals in locker rooms and
  public bathing areas.
• Shower and shampoo well after any sport that
  includes skin-to-skin contact.
• Wear loose-fitting cotton clothing. Change your
  socks and underwear
• Keep your skin clean and dry.
• If you have athlete's foot, put your socks on
  before your underwear so that fungi do not spread
  from your feet to your groin

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