Reproductive Anatomy

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Reproductive Anatomy

• D. Gamble SI 2008
• All photos courtesy of Anthonys Textbook of
  Anatomy Physiology - 17th Edition

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Male Reproductive System

• In conjunction with the female reproductive
  system, ensures the survival and propagation of
  the species.
• Consists of organs whose functions are to
  produce, transfer, and ultimately introduce sperm
  into the female reproductive tract.
• Secretes male sex hormones (androgens)

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Male Reproductive Organs
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Male reproductive organs

• Are classified as
• Essential Organs
• - Gonads, produce gametes/sex cells (sperm)
• Accessory Organs
• - genital ducts, glands, and supporting
  structures

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Male Gonads gtgt Testes

• Small, flattened, oval shaped glands.
• 4-5 cm long, weigh about 10-15 grams.
• Left testis hangs about 1cm lower in scrotal sac
  than the right.
• Suspended in scrotum.
• 2 main functions
• - spermatogenesis
• - secretion of hormones

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Spermatogenesis

• The production of sperm.
• Produced in the seminiferous tubules. (unraveled
  are about 2 feet long)
• Meiosis

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Secretion of Hormones

• Main hormone is testosterone which is an androgen
  or masculinizing hormone.
• Testosterone serves the following functions
• Promotes maleness and adult male sexual
  behavior.
• Regulates metabolism.
• The anabolic hormone
• - skeletal muscle building and bone growth.

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Structure of Sperm
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Reproductive (Genital) Ducts

• Epididymis
• - Single tightly-coiled tube measuring 20 feet
  in length!
• - Contributes to maturation of sperm (1 to 3
  weeks).
• - Secretes a small amount of seminal fluid
  (semen).
• Vas Deferens -
• - Connects the epididymis to the ejaculatory
  duct.
• - Sperm remains in the vas deferens for varying
  amounts of time based on sexual activity.
• Ejaculatory Duct -
• - Short tubes connecting vas deferens to
  urethra.
• Urethra -
• - Serves as both a duct for reproductive AND
  urinary systems.

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Accessory Reproductive Glands

• Seminal Vesicles -
• - Small pouches between the bladder/prostate and
  the rectum.
• - Secrete an alkaline fluid that makes up about
  60 of semen volume.
• - Acidity? Sugar?
• Prostate Gland -
• - Doughnut shaped gland just below the bladder,
  encircles urethra.
• - Secretes watery, milky-looking fluid making up
  30 of semen volume
• Cowpers Glands -
• - Resemble peas in size and shape.
• - Secrete a small amount of alkaline fluid that
  helps counteract the
• acidity of the end of the urethra and the
  vagina.
• - Mucus secreted also helps lubricate the
  urethra to prevent friction
• damage to sperm during ejaculation.

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Supporting Structures

• Scrotum - Skin covered pouch holding testes
  outside of the warm body.
• Penis - Comprised of Corpus Cavernosum, Corpus
  Spongiosum, and a covering of skin. End is the
  Glans Penis.
• Spermatic Chords - Cylindrical protein casings
  containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves,
  and the vas deferens.

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Female Reproductive System

• In conjunction with the male reproductive system,
  ensures the survival and propagation of the
  species.
• Female reproductive system also provides
  protection and nutrition to the developing
  offspring.
• Secretes female sex hormones (estrogens)

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Female Reproductive Organs
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Female reproductive organs

• Are classified as
• Essential Organs
• - Gonads, produce gametes/sex cells (sperm)
• Testes in men, Ovaries in women.
• Accessory Organs
• - uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, and
  mammary glands

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Female Gonads gtgt Ovaries

• Produce the female gametes (ova).
• Secrete female hormones estrogen and
  progesterone.
• Each one located on one side of the uterus (about
  3 gms).

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Stages of Ovarian Follicle Development
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The Uterus

• In a woman who has never been pregnant is
  pear-shaped, 3 inches long, 2 inches wide and
  about an inch thick.
• 2 main parts the body and the cervix

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Functions of the Uterus

• Part of the reproductive tract allowing sperm to
  ascend to the uterine (fallopian) tubes.
• After conception, developing offspring implants
  in inner wall (endometrium) and continues to
  develop during term of pregnancy.
• Creates labor contractions.
• If no conception or implantation, menstruation.

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Normal and abnormal positions of the uterus.
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Uterine Tubes

• Also called Fallopian tubes or oviducts.
• Extensions of the uterus that loosely
  communicate with the ovaries.
• Ovum carried through Fallopian tubes to uterus
  via cilia (tiny hair-like projections).
• Fertilization occurs here.

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Vagina

• Tubular organ in front of rectum and behind the
  bladder urethra.
• During sexual intercourse, the lining lubricates
  and stimulates the glans penis triggering
  ejaculation.
• Serves as a receptacle for semen.
• Lower portion of birth canal.
• Transports blood and tissues during menstruation.

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VULVA External Female Genitalia
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The vulva is comprised of

• Mons pubis
• Labia majora
• Labia minora
• Vestibular glands
• - Bartholins Skenes

• Vestibule
• Clitoris
• Urethral opening
• Vaginal orifice

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The Female Breast
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Female Breasts

• Lie over pectoral muscles.
• Development controlled by estrogen and
  progesterone.
• Breast size determined by amount of fat
  surrounding glandular tissue so function is NOT
  related to size.
• Main function is lactation for nourishment of
  newborn infants.
• Lactation is important for
• - nutrients
• - antibodies
• - bonding