Emerging Europe and Byzantine Empire

1
Chapter 9

• Emerging Europe and Byzantine Empire

2
The New Germanic Kingdom

• By 500 the Western Roman Empire had become a
  number of states ruled by Germanic kings
• Germanic Anglos and Saxons moved into
  Britain(England) in the fifth century became
  known as Anglo-Saxon
• Clovis king of the Franks
• Became the first Germanic king to convert to
  Christianity, he converted during Battle

3
The New Germanic Kingdom

• Gained Support of the Roman Catholic Church
• His empire, which covered France and Western
  Germany was divided among his sons after his
  death
• Extended family was important, they worked
  together and protected each other
• In Germanic law, killing someone was a personal
  problem not a legal issue. To keep families from
  feuding, the wrongdoers would pay the victims
  family a fine, the wergild

4
The New Germanic Kingdom

• The amount of the wergild was determined by
  social status
• The ordeal was one way of determining guilt. If
  the accused was unharmed after a physical trial,
  he or she was presumed innocent
• The Role of the Church
• Church had developed a system of organization

5
The Role of the Church

• Priests headed local communities called parishes
• A group of parishes was headed by a bishop, whose
  area of authority was a bishopic
• Bishops were under an Archbishop
• The Bishop of Rome claimed he was the leader of
  Rome Catholic Church, the Pope not everyone
  agreed on the Popes power
• Pope Gregory I strengthened the power of the
  papacy- he took political control of Rome and
  surrounding areas, called the Papal States.

6
The Role of the Church

• Monks were men who dedicated themselves entirely
  to God
• Saint Benedict wrote rules for monks emphasized
  work and prayer because idleness was the enemy
  of the soul
• An abbot ruled each monastery
• Monks had to take a vow of poverty, but they were
  social workers for the community

7
The Role of the Church

• They were missionaries who tried to spread
  Christianity
• Charlemagne and the Carolingians
• Charles the Great, or Charlemagne (ruled from 786
  to 814) one of Historys Greatest Kings
• Was curious, driven, and intelligent, and a
  devout Christian
• Was a strong warrior and statesman
• He was illiterate, he strongly supported learning

8
Charlemagne and the Carolingians

• He expanded the Frankish into what became known
  as the Carolingian Empire, which covered much of
  central and western Europe
• Counts administered the empire locally
• To make sure they were following his wishes he
  sent out the missi dominici messengers of the
  lord king to check on the counts
• In 800 Charlemagne was crowned emperors of the
  Romans by the Pope

9
Charlemagne and the Carolingians

• Coronation symbolized the coming together of the
  Roman, Christian, and Germanic characteristics
  that united European civilizations
• Renewed interest in Latin culture and classical
  works called the Carolingian Renaissance
• Monks copied Christian and classical Latin
  manuscripts

10
The Rise of Feudalism

• The Invaders
• After Charlemagnes death in 814 the empire began
  to fall apart. By 844 it had been divided into
  three kingdoms by Charlemagnes grandsons
• Invasions began Muslims invaded southern France,
  Magyar (from Hungary) invaded the Eastern part of
  the Empire, and the Vikings
• Vikings were excellent warriors, sailors, and
  shipbuilders from Scandinavia.

11
The Invaders

• Ships were long and narrow, and were able to sail
  up shallow rivers to attack inland
• Franks wanted to Christianize the Vikings, the
  ruler gave Vikings land that became known as
  Normandy
• The development of Feudalism
• Invaders posed a threat to the safety of the
  people, and people began to turn to local
  aristocrats or nobles to protect them

12
The Development of Feudalism

• Feudalism arose between 800 and 900 and thrived
  for four hundred years
• Feudalism depended on the idea of vassalage, in
  which men swore an oath to their leader
• Frankish army initially was made up of foot
  soldiers in armor, armed with swords, larger
  horses and stirrups allowed horsemen to wear
  armor and carry long lances

13
The Development of Feudalism

• Knights dominated warfare and formed the
  backbone of aristocracy
• Wealth was based on land when the lord wanted a
  vassal to serve him, he would give them land
  known as a fief loyalty to the lord
• As feudalism became more complicated they
  established the feudal contract which determined
  relationships between a vassal and lord
• Castles grew for defense purposes

14
The Nobility of the Middle Ages

• Nobles dominated society concerned with warfare
• Nobles included kings, dukes, counts, barons,
  bishops, and archbishops
• Young nobles would be knighted and trained as
  warriors
• Jousting was the main event
• Nobility was supposed to have civilized behavior-
  chivalry

15
The Nobility of the Middle Ages

• Supposed to defend the Church, defenseless
  people, and fight for glory, not gains
• Women could own property, but were under the
  control of men
• Lady of the Castle would manage the household,
  estate, and finances
• Eleanor of Aquitaine
• At 15 she married the King of France, but was
  unhappy and she had it annulled

16
The Nobility of the Middle Ages

• Married a man who later became King Henry II of
  England
• She went back to France and created her own court
• Later she helped her sons (including Richard the
  Lionhearted) overthrow Henry

17
The Rise of European Monarchies

• England in the High Middle Ages
• William the Conqueror, from Normandy, defeated
  King Harold of England at the Battle of Hasting
  in 1066 (important date in European History)
• William was crowned King of England
• The French-speaking Normans and the Anglo-Saxons
  nobility gradually merged into a new English
  Culture

18
England in the High Middle Ages

• William took the first census in western Europe
  since Roman timesknown as the Domesday Book
• Henry II (1154-1189) enlarged the power of the
  English monarchy
• Expanded the royal courts power to cover more
  criminal property cases
• Common Law law common to the whole kingdom

19
England in the High Middle Ages

• Henry claimed he had the right to punish the
  clergy in royal courts
• Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury,
  disagreed. Henry said he wished to be rid of
  Becket. Four knights killed the Archbishop in
  the cathedral. The public was outraged
• Resenting the monarchys expanding power, King
  Jon was forced to agree to a document of rights
  called the Magna Carta in 1215, which protected
  the right of the people and limited the
  monarchys power

20
England in the High Middle Ages

• During the reign of Edward I, the English
  parliament emerged
• Important step in beginning a representative form
  of government
• House of Lords all of Englands nobles and
  bishops
• House of Commons composed of knights and
  townspeople

21
The French Kingdom

• After the last Carolingian king died in 987,
  Frankish nobles chose Hugh Capet as king began
  the Capetian dynasty
• Had little power, and it was only around Paris
• The Dukes were more powerful then the kings
• Monarchys power grew under Phillip II added
  Normandy and other areas that had belonged to
  the English under French control

22
The French Kingdom

• Philip IV began the Estates-General (a
  parliament) composed of three estates (social
  classes)
• First Estate Clergy
• Second Estate Nobles
• Third Estate Townspeople
• The Holy Roman Empire
• Saxon Kings ruled the Eastern Frankish Kingdoms
  (Germany)

23
The Holy Roman Empire

• Otto I crowned Roman Emperor by the Pope
• Tried to Control both German and Italian lands
  calling it a Holy Roman Empire
• There was a struggle between the popes and the
  emperors and they were unable to form the Holy
  Roman Empire into a national monarchy

24
Byzantine Empire and the Crusades

• The Reign of Justinian
• Justinian became emperor of the Eastern Roman
  Empire in 527
• Most important contribution was his codification
  of Roman Law
• Basis of Law until the Empire ended in 1453
• Became the basis for much of the legal systems of
  Europe
• Body of Civil Law

25
Eastern Roman Byzantine Empire

• After Justinian, the empire had problems, it was
  too big, not enough money, population decline due
  to the plague and threats from Muslims
• By the beginning of the eighth century, the
  empire was reduced to only the Balkans and Asia
  Minor
• The smaller empire was called the Byzantine Empire

26
Byzantine Empire

• The Byzantine Empire was both Christian and
  Greek, Greek was the official language
• Based on the Eastern Orthodox Church
• The Emperor had absolute power and appointed the
  head of the church called the Patriarch

27
Constantinople

• Life in Constantinople
• Was the largest city in Europe during the Middle
  Ages
• Europes chief center for trading goods between
  East and West
• Was a beautiful city in which Justinian built a
  huge palace, elaborate church and had an
  underground reservoir for the citys water supply
• Hagia Sophia was an enormous church built by
  Justinian

28
Byzantine Empire

• New Heights and New Problems
• The Byzantine Empire expanded under a new dynasty
  of emperors, the Macedonians
• Incompetent successors to the Macedonian dynasty
  undid most of its gains
• Byzantine Empire was also troubled by a growing
  Schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church and
  the Roman Catholic Church

29
Byzantine Empire

• They would not accept the pope as the head of the
  Christian Church
• The Crusades
• A series of Holy Wars of European Christians
  against the Infidels (nonbelievers)
• The pope called for the crusades to aid the
  Byzantine Empire
• Soldiers wanted to fight for the adventure, the
  cause, or the possibility to gain riches or a
  title

30
Byzantine Empire

• First Crusade took Jerusalem and massacred
  thousands of Muslim inhabitants (1099)
• 2nd Crusade The Muslims strike back Christians
  lost (1120)
• 3rd Crusade Jerusalem falls to the Muslims
  under Saladin
• Christians led by Richard the Lionhearted of
  England, Emperor Fredrick of Germany, and Phillip
  II of France
• Richard negotiated with Saladin Christians right
  to access to Jerusalem.

31
Byzantine Empire

• 4th Crusade for commercial gain Muslims
  attacked the Byzantine Empire