Section 28-1 Introduction to Physiology

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Section 28-1Introduction to Physiology
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KEY CONCEPT The human body and other organisms
have five levels of organization.
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A. Levels of Structural Organization

• Atom
• Molecule
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organism

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Examples
Atom Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organ
System Organism

• carbon
• phospholipid
• nerve cell
• nervous tissue
• brain
• nervous system
• human

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1. Atoms combine to form molecules
Atoms
Molecule
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2. Molecules form cells
Cell
Molecules
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a. Specialized cells develop from a single zygote.

• Organisms are made up of specialized cells.

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• Zygotes first divide into embryonic stem cells.

• Stem cells develop in two stages.
• determination, or committing to become one cell
  type
• differentiation, or acquiring specialized
  structures and functions

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3. Cells form tissues

• Similar cells with a common function form
  tissues
• There are 4 basic tissue types
• Epithelial
• Nervous
• Muscular
• Connective

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4. Specialized cells function together in
tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole
organism.

• Specialized cells perform specific tasks.

• Tissues are groups of similar cells working
  together.

• epithelial tissue
• connective tissue
• muscle tissue
• nervous tissue

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5. Tissues form organs

• Two or more tissue types form an organ
• An organ is a structure that performs a specific
  function for the body

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6. Organs form Organ Systems

• A group of organs which work together for a
  common purpose is an organ system

Nervous System
Brain, Spinal Cord, etc.
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B. Body Systems1. Integumentary System

• Skin is the only organ
• Protects from injury
• Regulates body temperature
• Receptors for temperature, pain, and pressure

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2. Skeletal System

• Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints
• Supports body
• Protection
• Storage for minerals (calcium)

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3. Muscular System

• Muscles contract (shorten) to cause movement
• Skeletal muscles are large, fleshy, and attached
  to bone

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4. Nervous System

• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
• Responds to
• irritants or stimuli

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5. Endocrine System

• Releases hormones to control
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Food use

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6. Circulatory System

• Made of 2 organ systems
• Cardiovascular System
• Heart and blood vessels
• Transport oxygen, etc.
• Lymphatic System
• Cleanses blood, immunity

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7. Respiratory System

• Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
  bronchi, lungs
• Supplies body with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide

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8. Digestive System

• Mouth, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
  small intestine, large intestine, rectum
• Breaks down food and delivers nutrients to blood
  for cells in the body

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9. Urinary System

• Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
• Removes Nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood
  and flushes them from the body in urine
• Regulates
• Water balance
• Salt balance
• pH (acid-base) balance

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10. Reproductive System

• Functions to produce offspring
• Male testes produce sperm
• Male Structures scrotum, penis, accessory
  glands, duct system
• Female ovaries produce eggs
• Female structures uterine tubes, vagina, uterus
  (where fetus develops)

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All of the organ systems form the organism
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Activity Due end of the period Thursday.

• You are going to create a mini poster with your
  table partner. You will make them for 2 organ
  systems.
• Layout of Poster (Follow this layout, or lose
  points)

Major Organ System (Name organ here) Major
Tissues Organs Primary Function ___________
_________ ______________ ___________________
_ ______________ ____________________
______________ Must have 2-3 pictures