Respiratory System

1
Respiratory System

• Chapter 12

2
Know the Difference

• Internal Respiration cellular respirationit
  is all about the cell.
• External Respiration The exchange of air in the
  lungs.

3
The Numbers

• Room air (inhaled) is about 21 oxygen
• Exhaled air is about 16 oxygen
• This is important to know because sometimes, it
  is not enough for your patient and they need
  supplemental O2.

4
The NoseMany Functions

• Passageway for air to and from the lungs
• Filters the air
• Warms the air
• Moistens the air
• Smell (olfactory)
• Speech

5
Paranasal sinuses

• Parabeside
• Nasalpertaining to the nasal cavity
• Mucous membrane lining
• Lubricate
• Lighten the load of your head

6
Pharynx

• AKA Throat
• The ONLY commonality between the digestive and
  respiratory systems
• Has three (3) divisions
• Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

7
The Nasopharynx

• First division of the pharynx
• Contains the pharyngeal tonsils also known as
  adenoids
• Aden/ogland
• Adenoids are merely a lump of lymphatic tissue

8
The Oropharynx

• Second division of the pharynx
• Contains the palatine tonsils
• Palat/oroof of mouth
• -inepertaining to
• This is the structure you see when you open your
  mouth and say Ahhhif you still have them

9
Laryngopharynx

• Third division of the pharynx
• Here is where the common passageway begins
• The laryngopharynx divides the larynx and the
  espohagus. One division serves the respiratory
  system and the other the digestive.

10
Built in Protection

• Epiglottis (epiabove and glottisglottis)
• This is a flap of cartilage attached to the root
  of the tongue that will cover one of the
  divisions of the larynx in order to prevent
  choking.

11
Trachea

• Air moves from the larynx to the trachea (AKA
  windpipe)
• The trachea is about 4.5 inches long and 1 inch
  in diameter.
• 16-20 C-shaped rings of cartilage keep the
  trachea from collapsing in on itself.

12
Bronchial Tubes

• Once the trachea reaches the area of the
  mediastinum, it branches or bifurcates into the
  bronchial tubes.
• Bronchi is plural and bronchus is singular.
• Each bronchus leads to a separate lung where it
  branches even further into bronchioles (-ole
  means small)

13
Bronchioles

• At the end of the bronchioles lie alveoli
• Alveoli are air sacs which resemble small
  grape-like clusters.
• Just like capillaries, alveoli are one cell wall
  thick
• This is so there can be an exchange between the
  alveoli and the capillaries that surround the
  cluster.

14
Lungs

• Each lung is encased in a double- folded membrane
  called the pleura.
• The layer closest to the lung is called the
  visceral pleural because viscer/o means organ
  and the lung is an organ.
• The outer layer is the parietal pleura. Parietal
  means pertaining to forming the wall of a cavity.

15
The Filling

• Between each layer is fluid called parietal
  fluid.
• This fluid serves to facilitate movement
  (expansion of) the lungs.
• Pleural friction rub creaking, grating sounds
  heard when inflamed pleural surfaces move during
  respiration.

16
Lobes

• The lungs are not of equal size.
• The right lung has three lobes whereas the left
  lung has two lobes.
• The uppermost portion of the lung is called the
  apex and the bottom is known as the base.
• You can live with the removal of an entire lung
  or a portion of a lung however, 02 exchange will
  be impacted.

17
The diaphragm

• Major muscle of respiration
• The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from
  the abdominal cavity.

18
Conditions and Diseases

• Croup
• Epistaxis
• Bronchogenic carcinoma
• Bronchitis
• Atelectasis
• Emphysema

19
Continued

• Pulmonary edema
• Pulmonary embolism
• Tuberculosis
• Pleural effusion
• Pneumothorax
• COPD

20
Tests to Know

• CXR/PA and Lateral
• IS q 4h WA
• PFT
• PPD
• ABGs

21
PC 02 and P02

• The lungs control PC 02
• PC 02 is the Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide
• PO2 is the Partial Pressure of Oxygen
• Remember that the Ph of arterial blood is
  7.35-7.45 and any variation can have serious
  consequences.

22
Acidosis vs. Alkalosis

• There is metabolic acidosis/alkalosis and there
  is respiratory acidosis/alkalosis.
• Our focus is respiratory
• In the bloodstream, carbon dioxide will combine
  with h20 to form carbonic acid. If there is more
  carbon dioxide being retained, then there will be
  more acid formedacidosis. On the other hand, if
  there is less carbon dioxide being retained
  (hyperventilation) there will be less acid
  formalkalosis.

23
Possible Causes

• Alkalosis Anxiety, fever, pain, hypoxia
• Acidosis Chronic lung disease, respiratory
  depression caused by drugs or anesthesia.
• Remember The more C02 you keep, the more acid
  will be made. The more C02 you blow off the
  less carbonic acid will be made.