Respiratory System

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Chapter 16

• Respiratory System

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Organs and Functions of the Respiratory System

• Organs
• Lungs
• Nose and mouth
• Trachea and bronchial tubes
• Gas exchange
• Keep out pathogens and allergens

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Structure of the Respiratory Tract
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Structure of the Respiratory Tract
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Nose

• Nasal Cavity
• Two nostrils which allow air to enter
• Hairs trap dirt and other particle
• Nasal conchae contain folds that secrete mucus
  from goblet cells (snot)
• Nasal septum usually straight until adulthood
  then it may bend and obstruct a passageway
  (deviated septum)
• Function of nose
• Warm air
• Dissolve oxygen in water
• Trap dirt and bacteria so they dont enter the
  lungs

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Sinuses

• Cavities with the skull that are air filled but
  lined with mucus membranes
• There function is to keep the skull light and
  serve to resonate vocal sound

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Pharynx

• Pharynx is a common area for food, drink, and air
• Helps in production of sound.
• Three pharynxs
• Nasopharynx from the back of nasal cavity to
  Uvula
• Oropharynx from uvula to epiglottis
• Laryngopharynx from epigloglottis to trachea

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Larynx

• Conducts air into and out of the trachea
• Houses the vocal cords or folds
• Composed of muscle and cartilage
• Epiglottis stops food from going down the
  trachea

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Larynx
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Trachea

• Flexible and cylindrical tube
• In front of esophagus
• Ciliated mucous membranes line it and trap
  particles and move them out of trachea
• C-shaped cartilage rings reinforce the trachea
• Open ends face the esophagus

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Bronchial Tree

• Primary bronchi (Right and Left)
• Secondary Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Alveolar ducts which lead to Alveoli
• All parts of the bronchial tree contain mucus
  membranes

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Lungs

• Made of soft spongy tissue
• The mediastinum separates the right and left lung
• Diaphragm is located below the lungs
• Pleural cavity (visceral and parietal pleura)
• Right lung is larger than the left
• Each lobe is supplied with blood vessels and
  lymph vessels

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Breathing Mechanism

• Inspiration
• Diaphragm lowers and rib cage and intercostal
  muscles contract
• This increases the volume in the chest cavity
• Alveolar pressure decreases and is smaller than
  atomospheric air pressure air will rush in
• Expiration
• Diaphragm relaxes and rib cage and intercostal
  muscles relax
• Decreases volume in the chest cavity and
  increases pressure
• Alveolar pressure becomes higher than atmospheric
  air pressure
• Air rushes out of lungs

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Gas Exchange

• Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli
• Grape like sacs that are surrounded by
  capillaries
• Diffusion occurs across a thin walled membrane
  (respiratory membrane2 cells thick)
• Oxygen travels from high concentration to low
  concentration

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Gas Transport

• Oxygen is carried on hemoglobin (oxyhemglobin)
• From the lungs it is taken to tissues where it
  will be released into tissues
• Blood becomes more acidic as oxygen is released
  allowing the blood to attract more oxygen in the
  lungs
• Carbon dioxide is transported by plasma, as part
  of a compound form by bonding with hemoglobin
  (carbaminohemoglobin), and as a bicarbonate ion
• Through a series of reaction the hemoglobin
  releases the carbondioxide in the lungs.

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Respiratory Volumes

• Using spirometry you can figure out the volume of
  air your lungs can take in and out.
• 4 volumes
• Tidal Volume (TV) moved in and out of the lungs
• Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) volume that
  can be inhaled during forced breathing in
  addition to tidal volume
• Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) Volume that can
  be exhaled during forced breathing in addition to
  tidal volume
• Residual volume (RV) Volume of air that remains
  in lungs

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Respiratory Capacities

• By combining two or more of the volumes you can
  figure out the capacity of your lungs
• 4 Respiratory Capacities
• Vital Capacity Max volume of air that can be
  exhaled after taking a deep breath
  (VCTVIRVERV)
• Inspiratory Capacity Max volume of air that can
  be inhaled following exhale of tidal volume
  (ICTVIRV)
• Functional Residual Capacity Volume of air that
  remains in the lungs following exhalation of
  tidal volume (FRCERVRV)
• Total Lung Capacity Total volume of lungs
  (TLCVCRV)

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Control of Breathing

• Factors affecting breathing
• Respiratory center affects depth and rate of
  breathing by detecting carbon dioxide changes.
• Respiratory Center in the Medulla and Pons
• Medulla
• Dorsal respiratory group basic rhythm of
  inspiration
• Ventral respiratory group increase respiratory
  movements when forceful breathing is required
  (exercise)
• Pons
• Pneumotaxic area inhibit inspiratory bursts
  originating from dorsal group.

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Respiratory Problems Hypoxia

• Lack of oxygen to the body
• Can destroy tissues, especially in vital areas
  that need it

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Respiratory Problems Emphysema

• Alveolar Sacs are destroyed or damaged by smoking
  particle in the air, and various other chemicals
• Causes shortness of breath, blue skin, thick
  mucus, and eventually death.

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Bronchitis

• Inflammation of bronchial tubes that can lead to
  tissue damage if chronic
• Smokers tend to have chronic bronchitis, but it
  can also be caused by pollutants and allergies
• Makes it difficult to breathe, because mucus
  fills up the tubes