ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
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THIS IS THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE BODY.
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Body Systems
A system is made up of several organs and tissues
that work togetherto carry out a particular
job(s).
The biceps, triceps and all the other muscles of
the body form the muscular system.
The heart, together with other organs such as the
blood vessels, form the circulatory system.
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Body Systems involved in Sport Exercise

• The body has several systems which are involved
  in sport.
• Can you name them?

Circulatory
Respiratory
Muscular
Nervous
Skeletal
Digestive
Hormonal
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We have already looked at the physiology
(function) of the body when we studied the
CIRCULATORY and RESPIRATORY systems.
We will now look at the structure of the body,
and in particular

• BONES
• FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON
• JOINTS
• MUSCLES

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BONES
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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BONES AND THE
SKELETON ?

• MOVEMENT
• PROTECTION of vital organs.
• THE PRODUCTION OF BLOOD in the Bone Marrow.
• POSTURE

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Functions of the Skeleton - Summary
1. Protection The cranium protects the soft
tissue of the brain.
5. Support The vertebrae support the head.
6. Protection The rib cage protects the delicate
heart and lungs.
2. Movement The vertebrae allow us to bend,
stretch and rotate our body.
7. Movement The bones and joints work with
muscles to enable us to walk, run and sprint.
3. Blood Production Red blood cells are made in
the ribs and limb bones.
4. Support The bones of the legs support the
body.
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Protection
The hard nature of bone means that the
skeletoncan protect the more delicate parts of
the body.

• Examples
• The cranium (skull) protects the soft tissue of
  the brain.

• The rib cage protects the delicate heart and
  lungs.

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Support
Without the skeleton, the body would beflabby
and shapeless.

• Examples
• The bones of the legs support the body.
• The vertebrae support the head.

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Movement
The skeleton is jointed to allow us to move
whenthe muscles attached to them contract.

• Example
• The bones and joints work with muscles to enable
  us to walk, jog and sprint.

• The vertebrae allow us to bend, stretch and
  rotate our body.

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Blood Cell Production
Red and white blood cells are made in red bone
marrow which is found at the ends of the femur
and humerus and in the ribs, sternum, pelvis and
vertebrae.
FemurLocated in the upper part of the leg.
HumerusLocated in the upperpart of the arm.
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FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY- FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON
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WHAT BONES DO WE NEED TO KNOW AND WHERE THEY ARE
SITUATED ?

• CRANIUM
• CLAVICLE
• SCAPULA
• STERNUM
• RIBS
• VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• HUMERUS

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8. RADIUS 9. ULNA 10. ILIUM 11. CARPALS 12. META
CARPALS 13. PHALANGES 14. FEMUR 15. PATELLA 16.
TIBIA
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17. FIBULA 18. TARSALS 19. META TARSALS 20.
PHALANGES
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THE SKELETON- BONES
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PHALANGES
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PELVIS
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CRANIUM
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SPINE
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VERTEBRAE
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LEG
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LOWER ARM
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HAND
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WRIST
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What are Bones made of?

• Bones start to grow inside the womb, where they
  begin as cartilage.

• As you get older this turns into hard bone by a
  process called ossification.

Cartilage

• Bones will only grow properly as long as certain
  minerals and vitamins are eaten

Periosteum

• Vitamin D helps build bone.
• Calcium is a mineral which helps keep bones
  strong.

Bone Marrow

• Even as a fully-grown adult, the bone structure
  is always changing, as vitamins and minerals are
  constantly replaced.

Compact Bone

• A poor diet will result in soft bones, whilst a
  balanced diet and exercise will make the bones
  harder.

Spongy Bone
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HOW DO WE CLASSIFY BONES ?
Bones are classified according to their function.

• (Protection) FLAT BONES
• (Protection) IRREGULAR BONES
• (levers) LONG BONES
• SHORT BONES

CAN YOU PUT THE BONES OF THE SKELETON INTO THESE
GROUPS.
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WHAT IS THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
The vertebral column is very versatile. It has
strength and is flexible. We can use it as a
lever and it also protects the spinal chord.
We have 12 ribs and it is their job to protect
the organs of the chest and the upper abdomen.
The vertebral column consists of 33 bones, or
vertebrae, which are divided into 5 groups
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• 7 in the CERVICAL region which form the neck,
  and allow a variety of movement.
• 12 in the THORACIC region.
• 5 in the LUMBAR region.
• 5 in the SACRUM
• 4 in the COCCYX which used to form our tail.

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All the vertebrae fit neatly together to protect
the spinal chord.
Between each vertebrae is an INTERVERTEBRAL disc.
These discs are very delicate and if put out of
action by slipping out of place or tearing, the
patient is said to have slipped a disc.
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FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY- BONES OF THE SKELETON
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JOINTS OF THE BODY
JOINT- A place where two or more bones meet.
SYNOVIAL JOINTS- in order to prevent pain through
the friction that might be caused by the bones
rubbing together, the ends of the bones in a
SYNOVIAL JOINT are covered with a layer of thick
cartilage KNOWN AS HYALINE CARTILAGE.
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The cartilage is elastic and this enables it to
cushion and therefore protect the ends of the
bones involved in the joint.
Surrounding a synovial joint is a tough capsule,
which is reinforced by LIGAMENTS.
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Inside the capsule is a SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE which
produces SYNOVIAL FLUID to lubricate the joint.
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SYNOVIAL FLUID
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There are 3 types of joints-

• IMMOVABLE
• SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE
• FREELY MOVEABLE OR SYNOVIAL

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There are 6 types of freely moveable or synovial
joints joints in which we need to know 3 of them

• BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS
• HINGE JOINTS
• PIVOT JOINT
• CONDYLOID- AS IN WRIST (Movement in 2 planes)
• GLIDING- AS IN ANKLE AND HAND
• SADDLE- AS IN THUMB

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FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY- JOINTS OF THE SKELETON
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BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
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HINGE JOINT
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HINGE JOINT
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CAN YOU PUT THE FOLLOWING JOINTS INTO THE ABOVE
CATEGORIES AND NAME A SPORTING ACTION THAT USES
THE JOINT ?
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• HIP
• SHOULDER
• KNEE
• ELBOW
• NECK

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KNEE JOINT
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WHAT SORT OF MOVEMENTS CAN BE DONE AT A JOINT ?

• There are 6 principle movements at a joint.
• Can you name a joint that will perform this
  movement and give examples in sport where the
  following movements take place ?

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• FLEXION
• EXTENSION
• ABDUCTION
• ADDUCTION
• ROTATION
• CIRCUMDUCTION

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FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY- TYPES OF MOVEMENT
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CAN YOU NAME THESE MOVEMENTS?
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Name each joint and the movement at it.
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REVISION
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JOINTS QUIZ