America Claims An Empire

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America Claims An Empire
The Age of Imperialism
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European Imperialism
America Is Slow to Join the Game
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American Imperialism

• Three things fueled the New American Imperialist
• 1. Economic competition
• 2. Political and Military Competition.
• 3. Racial Superiority.

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Thirst for New Markets - Economic

• A need for new markets and the need for raw
  materials viewed foreign trade and colonization
  as the key
• Exports rose 234 million in 1860 to 1.5 billion
  by 1900

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Military Strength

• In 1890 Lt. Alfred D. Mahan published his book,
• The Influence of Sea Power on History 1660 -1783

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Military Strength Mahans book encourages the
U.S. to

• Develop a modern fleet
• Establish naval bases in the Caribbean
• To construct a canal across the Isthmus of Panama
• Acquire Hawaii other Pacific Islands

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U.S. follows Mahans plan
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Belief in Anglo Saxon Superiority

• Social Darwinism was used to describe the
  superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race.
• The need to spread Christianity worldwide

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Anti-Imperialism

• Objected on moral and practical grounds
• Nothing justified conquering lands or offering
  the conquered the protection of the U.S.
  Constitution.
• Too costly

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The United States Takes Hawaii

• Hawaii has always been important to the U.S.
  since 1790.
• It was used as a stop off point on the way to
  China, missionaries founded schools and sugar
  merchants developed plantations.

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A. Hawaiis Economy

• Sugar plantations counted for 3/4ths of the
  islands wealth.
• 1875 Hawaiian sugar did not pay a duty.
• 1887 King Kalakaua granted voting rights only to
  the wealthy.

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American Influence

• The U.S builds a naval base at Pearl Harbor.
• McKinley Tariff 1890 eliminated the duty-free
  status on the sugar.
• Americans in Hawaii want the U.S. to annex them.

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B. The Queen is Deposed

• Queen Liliuokalani proposes to remove the voting
  qualifications.
• John L. Stevens organizes a revolution against
  the queen.

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The End of Hawaiian Monarchy

• January 16, 1893, the USS Boston unloads Marines
  and they take over the island and imprison the
  queen.
• Sanford B. Dole becomes president of the
  provisional government.

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C. Republic of Hawaii

• President Cleveland refuses to annex Hawaii.
• President McKinley favored annexation and on Aug,
  12 1897 Hawaii became a U.S. territory.

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The Spanish-American WAR
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I. Causes of war

• A. Trouble in Cuba
• Demands by Cuban patriots for independence from
  Spanish rule.
• Spanish rule was Corrupt and harsh.
• In 1895, The Cubans rebelled.
• Leader Jose Marti.

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B. Newspaper Circulation Wars - 1895-97

• William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal )
  challenged Josef Pulitzer (1847-l911) (St.Louis
  Post-Dispatch New York World ) for readership

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Newspapers create Spanish-American War

• Press war sympathized with Cuban "freedom
  fighters" rebelling against Spain.
• Both engaged in sensationalism or yellow
  journalism (human interest stories involving
  scandal, or crimes - sensational exposes)

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Spanish are portrayed as bad guys!

• Consistent newspaper themes stressed the Spanish
  contempt. for Americans, Spanish brutality
  against Cubans and the glorious escapades of
  Cuba's rebels.

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C. New Spanish Policy - Reconcentrado

• 1. 1896 - Cuban rebels proved effective in
  guerrilla warfare against Spain's government in
  Cuba
• 2. Spain sent a new military governor to Cuba,
  Valeriano Weyler .

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Rural Cubans Ordered to Concentration Camps
Aiding Rebels Meant Death!

• His martial law and reconcentrado policies caused
  the deaths of many civilians, primarily due to
  poor sanitation in the concentration camps.
• Earned the governor the nickname, Butcher Weyler

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II. Steps to Spanish American War

• A. Jan - USS Maine was ordered to Havana harbor
  on a friendly mission, although it was preparing
  to evacuate American citizens in the face of
  increasing riots against Spain.

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B. De Lome Letter
Enrique Dupuy de Lome, Spanish Minister in
Washington, D.C. 

• Rebels released a captured letter to Hearst's
  Journal written by Spain's Ambassador to the US,
  Senor Depuy de Lome , to a friend in Cuba.
• In it the ambassador criticized the US president
  as a weak leader.
• Although essentially a true assessment of
  McKinley, the letters touched off a storm of
  protest in the US against Spain, forcing De Lome
  to resign his post.

William McKinley United States President
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C. U.S.S. Maine

• The U.S. Battleship MAINE was sent to the harbor
  of Havana, Cuba to protect American Lives and
  Property.
• February 15, 1898. U.S.S Maine Was sunk in after
  a mysterious Explosion.
• The American public was quick to blame Spain for
  the disaster.
• 260 American crew aboard lost their lives.

The U.S.S. Maine explodes.
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D. Economic

• 1. United States had a genuine economic interest
  in seeing Cuba become independent.
• 2. Business investments on the island were
  estimated at 50 million dollars, and trade with
  Cuban ports was valued at 100 million dollars
  yearly.

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E. Declaration of War

• Remember the Maine! was the slogan of the day,
  as congress and the public clamored war.
• McKinley responded to the outcry by asking
  congress to approve American Intervention to
  Cuba.
• Congress adopted the resolution recognizing the
  independence of Cuba.
• On April 20, 1898. Congress authorized the
  president to drive the Spaniards from the island.
  War was declared against Spain.
• 24 Apr - Spain declared war on the US

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Critics of the War

• (1) Congress was not unanimous in its
  declaration, because many members feared that the
  US might be improperly perceived by the
  international community as ganging up on a weaker
  nation to gain territory.

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Teller Amendment

• 2. passed to soothe the critics, guaranteed
  Cuba's independence, stating that the US had no
  designs on Cuba.

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III. The Spanish-American War

• The war lasted only 113 days.
• John Hay , US ambassador to England, had written
  Theodore Roosevelt referring to it as "a splendid
  little war."

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Spanish American War Was An Adventure

• Under-Secretary of Navy Theodore Roosevelt
  resigned to participate in the fighting.
• Two theaters of operation existed

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IV. STRENGTHS

• United States
• Navy
• Modern.
• Well Equipped.
• Staffed by highly trained crews.
• Sea Power.

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V. WEAKNESS

• United States
• Army was not prepared for war.
• After the Civil War, the country had drastically
  reduced its army.
• Small professional force.
• Prepared volunteer force.
• Not enough Modern guns.
• Troops had heavy woolen uniforms.
• Spain
• Unable to match Americans in sea power.
• Spain was easly defeated.

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A.The Philippines, 1898

• May 1, 1898.The first battle took place in Manila
  Bay at the Philippines Islands.
• Commodore George Dewey provisioned his ships and
  set off to attack the Spanish colony in the
  Philippine Islands.
• In just hours, the entire Spanish Asian fleet is
  sunk.
• Spain lost 381 men.
• Americans lost only one.

George Dewey The conqueror of the Philippines"
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The Caribbean

• US casualties resulted more from disease and
  exposure than from battle.
• 2. July 1st Theodore Roosevelt led the Rough
  Riders up San Juan hill flanked by the 9th and
  10th Cavalry the Buffalo Soldiers.
• 3. Admiral Cervera, Spanish commander, was
  easily defeated on July 3rd.

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U.S in Cuban Territory

• July 16, 1898.
• General Linares surrenders.

THE ROUGH RIDERS Volunteer Calvary
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C. Puerto Rico
July 25, 1898. American troops invaded Puerto
Rico. The troops meet little opposition and soon
occupied the island. The conflict ended in August
when Spain ask for peace.
Gen. Nelson A. Miles, issued a statement American
s are in Puerto Rico to
bring you protection, not only to yourselves but
to your property
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VI. Treaty of Paris

• The peace treaty, signed in December 1898.
• Article I. -- Spain renounces all right of
  sovereignty over Cuba .
• Article II.-- Spain cedes to the United States
  the Island of Puerto Rico.
• Article III. -- Spain cedes to the United States
  the
• archipelago known as the Philippine Islands.
• Article IV.--The United States
• shall, during the term of ten
• years, admit to the ports of the
• Philippine Islands, Spanish
• ships and merchandise.

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Results of the War

• Cost the U.S. about 250 million and about 5000
  lives.
• Several thousand deaths from disease and poisoned
  meat.
• U.S. gained a colonial empire of 12,000 sq. miles
  with more than 8 million inhabitants.
• Puerto Rico.
• Island of Guam.
• Philippines
• U.S would pay 20 million for the annexation.

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Open Door Policy
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I. Open Door Policy

• 1899 Secretary of State John Hay
• Proposed all nations have equal trading rights
  with China
• Sent proposal to Great Britain Germany Russia
  Japan France Italy.
• No one responded
• Hay announces the policy as a done deal.

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China Did Not Agree !

• Anti-foreigner attitude prevailed.
• Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
• Attacked Christian settlements converts
• Laid siege to Bejing Boxer Rebellion
• Western nations banned together to defeat the
  Boxers.
• China was made to accept western intervention.