America Claims an Empire

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America Claims an Empire

• Chapter 10 Notes

2
Chapter Overview

• To compete with other
• world powers, America gains
• colonies overseas, although some Americans object.

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Section one Imperialism America

• Imperialism
• Establishing colonies overseas
• Growing, worldwide trend
• Many Americans thought it was time to join the
  other Imperialist nations

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Section one Imperialism America

• 3 Factors fueled American Imperialism
• Desire for military strength
• Thirst for new markets
• Belief in cultural superiority

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Section one Imperialism America

• Military Strength
• Global military presence
• Alfred T. MahanAdmiral in U.S. Navy
• Urged U.S. to build up Navy to compete
• 9 ships built 1883-1890
• Transformed into worlds 3rd largest naval power

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Section one Imperialism America

• New Markets
• Solution to U.S. economic problems Overproduction
  Unemployment
• Cultural Superiority
• Responsibility to spread Christianity
  Civilization to the world

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Section one Imperialism America

• Alaska, 1959
• William SewardSec. of State
• 1867, Arranged purchase of Alaska from Russia for
  7.2 Million (2 cents/acre!)
• Timber, minerals, oil.great deal!
• Then turned to Midway Islands in the Pacific

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Section one Imperialism America

• Hawaii, 1959 (Territory, 1898)
• Economically important
• Missionary schools churches
• descendents became sugar planters
• ¾ of islands wealth American sugar planters
• Americans wanted to annex so no duty
• Pearl HarborU.S. Naval Base, 1887
• Refueling station for U.S. ships

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Section two The Spanish American War

• Americans interested in Cuba
• One of few lasting Spanish colonies
• U.S. supported Cuba as they rebelled against
  Spain demanded that slavery be abolished
• Americans invested millions in sugar cane
  plantations

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Section two The Spanish American War

• Cubas 2nd war for independence (1895)
• Jose MartiCuban journalist/poet
• Organized a revolution
• Hoped to provoke the U.S. into helping
• 1896, Spain sends Valeriano Weyler to restore
  order in Cuba
• Concentration camps
• U.S. Newspapers rallied American sympathy

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Section two The Spanish American War

• Yellow Journalismexaggerate to lure readers
• William Randolph Hearst
• You furnish the pictures and Ill furnish the
  war
• Pres. McKinley tries diplomacy
• Spain recalls Weyler, modifies policy in Cuba,
  offers Cuba self-government

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Section two The Spanish American War

• 1898, NY Journal published De Lome Letter
  (Spanish minister to the U.S.)
• Stolen from Havana post office leaked to press
• Criticized McKinley, weak
• Spain apologized, De Lome resigned
• But U.S. angry

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Section two The Spanish American War

• Days later (February 15,1898) U.S.S. Maine blew
  up in Havana Harbor
• Cause unknown, newspapers said Spain was
  responsible

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Section two The Spanish American War

• Spain wanted to avoid war
• April 20, 1898U.S. declares war on Spain
• 1st battlePhilippines
• Philippines support U.S. joined in victory
• June, 1898American forces land in Cuba
• Rough Riders helped clear the way for victory at
  San Juan Hill
• Gave U.S. Momentum

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Section two The Spanish American War

• Fighting lasted 15 weeks
• Dec. 10, 1898U.S. Spain meet
• Treaty of Paris, 1898
• Freed Cuba, islands of Guam Puerto Rico to the
  U.S.
• Sold Philippines to U.S. 20 Million

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Section two The Spanish American War

• Opposition to Imperialism
• Denying self-government to newly acquired
  territories
• Race issues unsolved at home
• Immigrants would compete for jobs
• February 1899Senate approves Treaty of Paris

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Section three Acquiring New Lands

• Puerto Rico Occupied by U.S. Military General
  Nelson A. Miles
• 1900Foraker Act-ended military rule set up
  self-government
• 1917Puerto Ricans became U.S. Citizens

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Section three Acquiring New Lands

• Cuba Independent after war
• Teller AmendmentU.S. had no intention of taking
  over Cuba
• American Soldiers occupied Cuba giving food,
  clothing, schools, helped farmers, and helped to
  eliminate Yellow Fever
• 1900Cubans wrote constitution

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Section three Acquiring New Lands

• U.S. insisted on adding Platt Amendments
• Refused to withdraw troops until added
• Cuba not make treaties that limit independence or
  permit a foreign power to control any part of its
  territory
• U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuba
• Cuba was not to go into debt
• U.S. could rent/buy land on the island for naval
  stations refueling station
• Reluctantly signed, Cuba became protectorate

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Section three Acquiring New Lands

• Philippines outraged by Treaty of Paris
• Revolt against U.S., 3 year rebellion
• U.S. forced them into zones where poor
  sanitation, starvation disease killed thousands
• Eventually lost to U.S. control

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Section three Acquiring New Lands

• China was weak due to war foreign intervention
• France, Germany, Britain, Japan, Russia all est.
  settlements along Chinas coast
• Out of fear, U.S. Sec. of State, John Hay created
  the Open Door notes to further trade interests
• Letters that addressed leaders of imperialist
  nations proposing that the nations share trading
  rights

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Section three Acquiring New Lands

• Europeans were dominating Chinas big cites,
  resentment grew
• Secret societies such as Boxers pledged to rid
  China of Foreign devils
• Boxer rebellionkilled hundreds of missionaries,
  foreigners, Christian converts (lasted 2
  months)
• U.S. feared Europeans would use victory to take
  more control in China

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Section three Acquiring New Lands

• Hay proposed 2nd Open Door notes
• U.S. would safeguard for the world the principle
  of equal impartial trade with all parts of the
  Chinese Empire
• Foreign policy
• Growth of U.S. economy depended on exports
• U.S. had right to intervene abroad to keep
  foreign markets open
• Closing of an area to U.S. products, citizens, or
  ideas threatened U.S. survival

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Section four America as a World Power

• Roosevelt (1901) builds on Open Door note to
  increase influence in East Asia
• Mediates settlement in a war between Russia
  Japan
• Competing for control of Korea
• Japan leading but running out of men money
• Asks Roosevelt for negotiation at Portsmouth, NH
• Roosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize (1906) for
  negotiations

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Section four America as a World Power

• Panama Canal U.S. needed canal cutting across
  Central America to reduce travel
• Britain gave U.S. exclusive rights to build and
  control a canal through Central America
• U.S. encouraged Panamanian independence from
  Colombia
• Finally, Panama U.S. sign treatyU.S. pays
  Panama 10 mil plus annual rent of 250,000 for
  an area of land across Panamathe Canal Zone

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Section four America as a World Power

• Construction of Panama Canalone of the greatest
  engineering feats
• Began 1904, Canal opened in 1914
• Total cost to U.S. 380 million

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Section four America as a World Power

• Latin American Affairsreminded Europeans of
  Monroe Doctrine
• Roosevelts Speak softly carry a big stick
• Roosevelt Corollary added to the Monroe Doctrine
• U.S. would now use force to protect economic
  interests in Latin America
• Dollar DiplomacyU.S. gov. to guarantee loans
  made to foreign countries by American business
  people

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Section four America as a World Power

• Missionary DiplomacyPolicy denying recognition
  of Latin American governments that the U.S.
  viewed as oppressive, undemocratic or hostile to
  U.S. interests
• Mexican RevolutionMexico ruled almost 3 years by
  military dictator, Porfirio Diaz
• Diaz encouraged foreign investments in Mexico

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Section four America as a World Power

• 1911, rebellion led by Francisco Madero
• 1913, rebellion led by Victoriano Huerto, killed
  Madero
• Wilson refused to recognize Huertos gov.
• Came very close to war with Mexico
• 1915, Huerta regime collapsed, Venustiano
  Carranza comes to power
• Wilson formally recognized government

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Section four America as a World Power

• Pancho Villa led rebellion, raids against U.S.
• John J. Pershingsent to capture Villa
• 150,000 National Guardsmen stationed at boarder
• War with Europe forced U.S. to make peace with
  Mexico