Respiratory System

1
Chapter 5

• Respiratory System

2
Respiratory System Function

• Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
  atmosphere and body cells.
• The process is called respiration.
• External respiration (breathing) Oxygen passes
  from lungs to blood (capillaries) and carbon
  dioxide passes from capillaries back into lungs
  to be expelled.
• Internal respiration The body cells take on
  oxygen from the blood and give back carbon
  dioxide, which is transported back to the lungs.

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Organs of the Respiratory System
4
Structures of the Nasal Passages and Throat
5
Respiratory System

• nose lined with mucous membrane and fine hairs
  acts as a filter to moisten and warm the entering
  air
• pharynx (throat) serves as a food and air
  passageway
• adenoid lymphoid tissue located behind the nasal
  cavity
• tonsils lymphoid tissue located behind the mouth

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Respiratory System (contd)

• larynx (voice box) location of the vocal cords
• epiglottis flap of cartilage that automatically
  covers the opening of the larynx during
  swallowing and keeps food from entering the
  larynx
• trachea passageway for air to the bronchi

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Respiratory System (contd)

• bronchus one of two branches from the trachea,
  which conducts air into the lungs, where it
  divides and subdivides (referred to as a
  bronchial tree).
• bronchioles smallest subdivision of the
  bronchial tree
• alveolus air sacs at the end of the bronchioles
  oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through
  alveolar walls and capillaries

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Bronchioles and Alveoli
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Respiratory System (contd)

• lungs 2 sponge-like organs in the thoracic
  cavity (right lung has 3 lobes left lung has 2
  lobes)
• pleura Serous membrane covering each lung and
  lining the thoracic cavity
• diaphragm Muscular partition that separates the
  thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity aids
  in breathing
• mediastinum Space between the lungs

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Combining Forms for the Respiratory System

• adenoid/o
• alveol/o
• bronch/i, bronch/o
• diaphragmat/o
• epiglott/o
• laryng/o

• lob/o
• nas/o, rhin/o
• pharyng/o
• pleur/o
• pneum/o, pneumat/o,
• pneumon/o
• pulmon/o

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Combining Forms for the Respiratory System
(contd)

• sept/o
• sinus/o
• thorac/o
• tonsill/o
• trache/o

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Combining Forms Commonly Used with Respiratory
System Terms

• atel/o
• capn/o
• hem/o, hemat/o
• muc/o
• orth/o
• ox/o, ox/i

• py/o
• spir/o

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Prefixes

• a-, an-
• endo-
• eu-
• pan-
• poly-

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Suffixes

• -algia
• -ar, -ary
• -cele
• -centesis
• -eal
• -ectasis
• -emia
• -gram

• -graphy
• -graph
• -meter
• -metry
• -oxia
• -pexy
• -phonia
• -pnea

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Suffixes (contd)

• -rrhagia
• -scope
• -scopic
• -scopy
• -spasm
• -stenosis
• -stomy

• -thorax
• -tomy

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Word Parts Meaning Breathing, Oxygen, and Chest
Appear as Combining Forms and Suffixes

• Meaning Combining Form Suffix
• breathing spir/o -pnea
• chest thorac/o -thorax
• oxygen ox/o, ox/i -oxia

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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts

• adenoiditis
• atelectasis
• bronchogenic carcinoma
• hemothorax
• pansinusitis
• pneumonitis
• pneumothorax
• rhinorrhagia

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Atelectasis Showing Collapsed Alveoli
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• (air) / cv / (chest)

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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word
Parts

• adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
• asthma
• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Coccidioidomycosis (valley fever or cocci)
• emphysema
• obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
• pulmonary embolism
• tuberculosis (TB)

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Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts

• bronchoplasty
• laryngocentesis
• lobectomy
• pleuropexy
• pneumobronchotomy
• thoracocentesis or thoracentesis
• thoracotomy
• tracheostomy

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• (chest) / cv / (surgical puncture to remove fluid)

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Types of Diagnostic Procedures

• radiography x-ray images of internal organs
  using ionizing radiation
• nuclear medicine scans using radioactive
  material to determine the functional capacity of
  an organ
• ultrasound sonograms, or echograms, using
  high-frequency sound waves to create an image of
  body organs

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Types of Diagnostic Procedures (contd)

• computed tomography (CT scans) computerized
  images of body organs in slices, horizontally
• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI scans) gives
  information about the bodys biochemistry by
  placing the patient in a magnetic field

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Types of Diagnostic Procedures(contd)

• endoscopy endoscopes, which are lighted,
  flexible instruments, are used for visual
  examination of a hollow organ or body cavity
• laboratory diagnostic procedures performed on
  specimens such as blood, tissue, sputum, and
  urine
• pulmonary function tests diagnostic tests
  performed to determine lung function

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Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts

• capnometer
• endoscope
• endoscopic
• endoscopy
• laryngoscopy
• thoracoscope
• thoracoscopy

• oximeter
• polysomnography
• spirometer
• spirometry

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Pulse Oximetry
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Spirometer
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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts

• Diagnostic imaging
• chest CT (computed tomography) scan
• chest x-ray
• ventilation-perfusion scanning
• Laboratory procedure
• acid-bacilli (AFB) smear

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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts
(contd)

• Pulmonary function
• arterial blood gases (ABGs)
• pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
• pulse oximetry
• Other
• PPD skin test

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Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts

• acapnia
• anoxia
• aphonia
• apnea
• bronchospasm
• diaphragmatic
• dysphonia
• dyspnea

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Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts
(contd)

• eupnea
• hypercapnia
• hypocapnia
• hypoxemia
• hypoxia
• laryngeal
• nasopharyngeal
• rhinorrhea

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Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts

• airway
• asphyxia
• aspirate
• bronchoconstrictor
• bronchodilator
• hyperventilation
• hypoventilation
• mucopurulent

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Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts
(contd)

• nebulizer
• nosocomial infection
• patent
• sputum
• ventilator

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Abbreviations

• LLL
• LTB
• LUL
• O2
• OSA
• PCP

• ABGs
• AFB
• ARDS
• CF
• COPD
• CT
• CXR
• CO2

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Abbreviations (contd)

• PE
• PFTs
• PSG
• RLL

• RUL
• TB
• URI
• VPS