The Unification of Germany

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The Unification of Germany
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Is This the Single, Most Significant,Political
Event ofthe 19th Century?
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The First Half of the 20Th Century Will Will Be
Spent Resetting the Balance of Power Upset by
German Unification
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The Impact of the Napoleonic Wars on the German
States of the Old Holy Roman Empire
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The old Holy Roman Empire was destroyed by the
Napoleonic Wars
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NapoleonUnified Many of theGerman States Into
His Confederation of the Rhine
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German Nationalism Rose in Opposition to the
Foreign Rule of Napoleon
NoFrench
Frogs Go Home
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The New Germanic Confederation Was Formed by the
Congress of Vienna Reducing the Number of States
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The Germanic Confederation was dominated by
Austria Austria opposed any further Unification
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From theNapoleonic Wars (1815)toNationalist
Uprising (1848)
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Nationalist Clubs(Burschenschaften) Formed on
University Campuses Promoting German Nationalism
Germany Ja!
Germans 1
Go Germany
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Intellectuals(e.g., Fichte, the Grimm Brothers,
Beethoven) CelebratedGerman History and Culture
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Prussia organized the Zollvereign promoting Free
Trade and Economic Cooperation including most
German States --Austria Was Not Included
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Industrialization Strengthened the Middle Class
and Showed the Advantages of Unification
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The Revolutionof 1848
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The German Diet in Frankfurt Offered the Crown of
United Germany to Prussian King Frederick William
IV
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Frederick William IV accepted, then backed down
from fear of Austria --The Humiliation of
Olmütz
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Metternich,Major Opponent of German Unification,
Resigned and Went Into Exile
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The Effects of 1848
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The Humiliation of Olmütz Showed the Need for
Prussia to Reform Its Army
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Liberals Fled Germany Lowering the Support for
Republicanism and Bringing More Unity to the
Monarchist Faction
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The Failure Did Not Diminish Nationalismbut
Leadership Passed to the Conservatives
GoGermany
Germans Rule!
Germans Are 1
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Austria Was Greatly Weakened by the Revolutions
As Nationalism in Italy and Hungary Continued to
Rise
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The Question RemainedWould aUnited GermanyBe
Led byPrussia or Austria?
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The Rise of Prussia to the Leadership of
Unification
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William I (Regent, 1857 King of Prussia, 1861)
Was a Strong, Nationalistic Monarch Willing to
Oppose Austria
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The Prussian Army Was Reformedin 1860Rebuilding
to Its Former Strength
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Otto Von BismarckThe Architect of German
Unification
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ConservativeMonarchistPrussian-German
NationalistPrussian AristocratA Junker
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Professional DiplomatSkilled Statesman
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Master PractitionerofRealpolitik
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Bismarck Believed a Unified Germany Could Not
Contain Both Prussia and Austria
XX
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Background onOtto Von BismarckHis Career
Before He Became Chancellor of Prussia
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He Served in the Landtag, the Prussian
LegislatureHe favored the Aristocracy, the
upper class, the Junkers
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He Represented Prussia inthe German
Confederation1851-59
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He was Prussian Ambassador to Russia in 1859
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He wasPrussian Ambassadorto Francein 1862
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He Was Recognized As a Strong Conservative Leader
Who Could Oppose the Liberals
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King William I Appointed BismarckChancellor of
Prussia in 1862
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Bismarcks Goal The Unification of Germany
Under the Prussian Monarchy
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Otto Von BismarckAsChancellor
ofPrussia1862-1890
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Consolidated the Power of the Monarchy Over the
Liberal-Dominated Legislature(the Landtag)
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Completed reform of the Prussian Army in conflict
with the Landtag the Army was strengthened, the
Legislature weakened
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Won Liberal Support Through a Policy of Free
Trade and Aid to the Growth of Industry
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Got Austria to Join Prussia in a War against
Denmark to gain Schleswig and Holsteinin 1864
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Set up a Conflict With Austria Over the
Governing of Schleswig and Holstein
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Bismarck Secured the Support or Neutrality of the
Great Powers in Favor ofPrussia
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French Support Hinted at possible French
territorial Gains in Belgium, Luxembourg, or the
Rhineland
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Russian Support Prussia Remained Neutral During
the Polish Rebellion of 1863
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British Support Prussia Intended to Be a
Continental Power Presenting No Threat to the
British Empire
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War BetweenPrussia and AustriaThe Seven Weeks
War1866
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Bismarck Provoked War With Austria Over the Joint
Governing of Schleswig and Holstein
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Austria Was Defeated in Seven Weeks Showing the
Strength of the New Prussian Army
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France and Napoleon III Were Shocked by the Quick
Prussian Victory
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Napoleon III Had Nothing to Show for His
Diplomacy Allowing Prussia to Rise to Power on
France's Border
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Between the Wars1866-1870
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The Treaty of Prague Made Austria Neutral in a
Future War Between Prussia and France
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Britain Was Reassured It Had Nothing to Fear From
Prussia It Should Fear France More
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The North German Confederation Was Formed Under
Prussian Dominance
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The South German states signed an Alliance with
Prussia in case of War with France
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To theFranco-Prussian War
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Bismarck Needed France to Declare War on Prussia
in Order to Activate the Prussian Alliance With
the Southern German States
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The Nomination of a Hohenzollern Prince to Be
King of Spain Threatened France
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Bismarck Editedthe Ems Telegramto Insult France
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The Franco-Prussian War1870-71
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France Declared War on PrussiaJuly 15, 1870
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The South German States Placed Their Military
Under Prussian Control Under the Terms of the
Alliance
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The War Lasted Less Than 4 Months Again Showing
the Strength of the Prussian Army
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The German Empire Was DeclaredJanuary 1871
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King William I of Prussia Was Crowned Kaiser of
Germany

• at VersaillesJanuary 1871

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The Provinces of Alsace and Lorraine Were Ceded
to Germany
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The Second French Empire of Napoleon III Was
Destroyed
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France Formed the Third Republic
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The Balance of Power established in 1815 was
destroyed by the Unification of Germany
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The End
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