Italian and German Unification

1
Italian and German Unification

• Chapter 24 Section 3

2
Unity and Disunity

• Nationalism fueled efforts to build nation-states
• Shaking Old Empires
• Austrian Empire (Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans,
  Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, and
  Italians)
• Prussia wins Austro-Prussian War (union of
  Prussia and 21 smaller German political states)
• Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria split his
  empire in half declared Austria and Hungary
  separate states
• What did Francis Joseph hope to achieve by
  breaking his empire into two states?
• After WWI Austria-Hungary broke up into smaller
  states

3

• The Russian Empire (Ukrainians, Poles,
  Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews,
  Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks and others
• Russification forcing Russian culture on all
  ethnic groups
• How was Russification suppose to strengthen the
  empire?
• WWI and communist revolution brought an end to
  the Romanov dynasty in 1917.

4

• Ottoman Empire (Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians
  and Armenians)
• Granted citizenship to all its citizens angering
  many
• WWI broke apart the empire

5
Cavour

• Cavour in Sardinia
• Chief Minister, Count Camillo di Cavour
• Disliked absolutism and admired Britain's system
  of parliament
• Wanted Italy to be united and industrialized
• Reorganized and strengthened the army
• Established banks, factories and railroads
• Believed in separation of church and state
• Allied Sardinia with France and Great Britain

6
Napoleon III

• Napoleon III and War with Austria
• Austria biggest obstacle to unification
• Napoleon III of France, allied with Sardinia, in
  hopes of pushing Austria out of Italy and
  becoming more of an influence in Italy
• Napoleon III and Cavour agreed that France would
  help drive the Austrians out if Cavour would give
  Napoleon III the French speaking regions of Nice
  and Savoy
• Why would Napoleon III agree to help Sardinia
  drive out Austria?
• Austria declared war on Sardinia because Sardinia
  didn't stop arming and mobilizing their army

7
Garibaldi

• Garibaldi and the Thousand
• Recruited an army of 1,100 soldiers
• They were called the Red Shirts
• Invaded Sicily and Naples
• Cavour was afraid of Garibaldi's growing power,
  so he sent an army to stop his advancements
• Sardinia annexed most of the territory of the
  Papal States
• Garibaldi met with Cavour and agreed to have
  Victor Emmanuel II as king, as long as Garibaldi
  could be governor of Naples, he was denied

8
Bismarck

• Bismarck and Prussian Strength
• 1862, Bismarck became leader of the Prussian
  cabinet
• Turned the Prussian army into a war machine
• Maintain Prussian dominance in unification
• Unification through war
• Bismarck had to overcome two major obstacles
• Get rid of Austria as a powerhouse in the German
  Confederation
• Get rid of Austria's influence on the opinions of
  the southern German states
• He overcame his obstacles through three wars
• The Danish War, the Seven Week's and the
  Franco-Prussian War
• The Danish War was fought over two territories,
  Schleswig (Prussia) and Holstein (Austria)
• The Seven Week's War was fought against Austria
  for dominance in the German Confederation
• The Treaty of Prague in 1866, Holstein and
  Venetia
• The Northern German Confederation formed, in 1867
• The Franco-Prussian War
• the southern states joined the Northern
  Confederation
• defeated the French, GC gained Alsace-Lorraine

9
German Empire

• Formation of the German Empire
• The German Empire was formed on January 18, 1871
• Hall of Mirrors, in Paris, at the Palace of
  Versailles
• All German states became united except for
  Austria
• Berlin became the capital and Wilhelm I became
  emperor/Kaiser with Bismarck as his Prime
  Minister
• Bismarcks realpolitik
• Federal government controlled defense, foreign
  affairs and commerce
• Legislative branch had two houses, the Bundesrat
  and the Reichstag