Anatomy and Physiology

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Anatomy and Physiology

• Horticulture 1

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Why are plants important?

• Food
• Shelter
• Oxygen
• Protection
• Habitat
• Aesthetics

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The four major parts of the plant are.

• Leaves
• Stems
• Roots
• Flowers

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Leaves

• Food factory for the plant.
• The leaves are where the process called
  photosynthesis takes place.

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Leaves are one of the ways we can identify plants.

• We can use their arrangement on the stem to
  identify plants.
• We can use their shape or form to identify
  plants.
• We can also use their margins to identify the
  plants.

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Arrangement means how the leaves are placed on
the stem.

• Some of the different leaf arrangements include
• Opposite arrangement
• The plant shown has an opposite arrangement

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Others are

• Alternate

• Whorled

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and

• Palmate
• Ternate compound

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Shape or form is just as it sounds how are they
shaped?

• Some forms or shapes include
• Oval
• Needle
• Cordate

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and

• Linear
• Lanceolate
• Round

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The last identification aid are Margins

• Margins are the edges of the leaf- just remember
  the margins of a paper!
• Types of margins include
• Entire- smooth edges

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Other margins

• Undulate
• Dentate

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And

• Incised
• Crenate

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Parts of the leaf

• Parts of the leaf include these plus
• Tip
• Veins
• Blade
• Margins
• Can you find where these are?

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Inside the leaf there are

• Epidermis. The function of the epidermis is to
  prevent the loss of too much moisture.
• The guard cells. These cells are on the skin on
  the underside of the leaf. The guard cells open
  and close the stoma, or stomata. When water
  pressure inside the leaf increases, the guard
  cells open the stoma.
• Stoma or stomata. The function of the stoma is to
  transpire, or give off moisture
• Chloroplasts. The part of the plant cell that
  manufactures food. In the chloroplasts is
  chlorophyll. This is what makes the plants
  leaves green.

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Here is a cross section of a leaf

• Can you find the parts?
• What is the function of the epidermis?
• Where are the stoma and guard cells located on
  the leaf?
• What is the purpose of the chlorophyll?

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These parts are all needed for the process of

• PHOTOSYNTHESIS. This word means light making.
• This process requires carbon dioxide and water
  with light and chlorophyll, to make
• sugar and oxygen. With additional energy the
  sugar and oxygen revert back to water and carbon
  dioxide. This is what the formula looks like

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Here it is!
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So this food

• Travels down the stem to be stored in the stem or
  the roots as sugars, starch, or proteins.
• As shown in formula, respiration is a result of
  the process of photosynthesis/. This process of
  respiration occurs 24 hours a day. As you can
  see, plants breathe in oxygen, and breathe out
  carbon dioxide. All parts of the plant need
  oxygen to grow. Water pushes all the air from
  the soil, and roots will suffer the most from an
  inadequate supply of oxygen.
• Do plants use all the oxygen they make?

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Stems

• Stems. What is their function?
• Movement of water and minerals from the roots to
  the leaves
• Movement of food from the leaves to the storage
  space, the roots
• Support of the plant
• They are used for food storage in some plants,
  and in other plants as a means of propagation.
• Do stems photosynthesize ???

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The outside of the stem has

• Lenticels or breathing pores
• Bud scales- where the terminal
• bud once was
• Leaf scar- where leaves
• once were

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Inside the stem

• There are 2 parts of the stem that are found on
  ALL plants.
• The XYLEM- water and minerals travel up the stem
  to the leaves
• The PHLOEM- food made in the leaves travel down
  the stem to be stored in the roots
• This is how it looks!

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Plants are classified into 2 groups

• Dicotyledon (dicots) and monocotyledons
  (monocots).
• Can you see the differences in the leaves? Are
  there other differences inside the stem?

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This is a cross section of a dicot stem. Dicots
always have a cambium layer. Dicots can increase
in width because both the xylem and phloem can
add cells. Trees are examples of dicots.
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Monocot stems are arranged in vascular bundles
and have no cambium layer.

• Corn is and example of a monocot. These plants
  add vascular bundles of grow.

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The third part of the plant is ROOTS

• The function of roots are to
• Anchor the plant and hold its position
• Absorb water and minerals from the soil and
  conduct them to the stem
• Store nutrients
• For propagation
• Food- carrots, beets, and sweet potatoes

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A root cap starts the new growth of the root.
Behind the cap there are lots of root hairs. The
root hairs absorb the water and mineral necessary
for plant growth.
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There are two different root systems

• Fibrous -commonly found on moncots
• Tap- commonly found on dicots

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The final part of the plant is the FLOWER
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The purpose of the flower is

• To attract insects that fertilizer the flower
  through Pollen or nectar which is the beginning
  of fruit and seed production.
• THIS IS POLLINATION
• The fruit is spread by mammals and birds the
  seed germinates (sprouts)which reproduces the
  plant.

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Seeds are the most common way to reproduce plants.

• This is called sexual reproduction as a male and
  female parent is involved.
• A COMPLETE FLOWER has both male and female parts,
  and can pollinate itself.
• These parts include these parts
• SEPAL
• PETALS
• STAMEN
• PISTIL

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The sepals

• A green covering that protects the flower before
  it opens. This part is also known as the calyx.
  It produces food through the process of
  photosynthesis.

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The petals or corolla

• The function of the petals is to attract insects
  for POLLINATION.

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The stamen- male reproductive parts include

• Anther. The structure that holds the pollen in
  place for insects to pollinate.
• Filament . The stalk that hold the anther in
  place.

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The pistil. The female part of the plant

• Usually in the center of the flower.
• Produces the female sex cells, the eggs.
• The eggs or ovules are found in the ovaries.
• The pollen (male) fertilizes the eggs, and these
  fertilized eggs become seeds.
• The ovary will become the fruit.

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The pistil has 3 parts.

• Stigma- the pollen catcher
• Style- the tube that carries the pollen to the
  ovule.
• The ovaries contain the ovules.

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An incomplete flower

• An incomplete flower has male or female flower
  parts, but not both.
• Holly is a plant where the flowers are
  incomplete. Begonias are incomplete flowers as
  well.

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Images Google

• Reilly and Shry, Introductory Horticulture.
  Fifth. Delmar. 1996. (p. 21-27)