Taxonomy

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Taxonomy

• The science of naming
• and classifying organisms

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Carl Linnaeus developed the scientific naming
system still used today

• Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific
  naming system.
• uses Latin words
• scientific names always written in italics or
  underlined
• two parts are the genus name and species
  descriptor

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Tyto alba and Quercus alba

• Are these species related?

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Barn owl Tyto alba
White oakQuercus alba
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• A genus includes one or more physically similar
  species.
• Species in the same genus are thought to be
  closely related.
• Genus name is always capitalized.
• A species descriptor is the second part of a
  scientific name.
• always lowercase
• always follows genus name never written alone

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• Ursus maritimus

Ursus maritimus
Ursus arctos horribilis (horribilis is the
subspecies)
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Match the Latin names with the descriptions

• Big-horned sheep from Canada
• Bird with blue-green wings
• House sparrow
• An extinct human that walked upright
• Tree with large flowers
• Passer domesticus
• Homo erectus
• Cyanopica cyana
• Magnolia grandiflora
• (e) Ovis canadensis

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Scientific names help scientists to communicate.

• Some species have very similar common names.
• Some species have many common names.

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Linnaeus classification system has seven levels.
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How can you remember these levels?

1. Kingdom __________
2. Phylum __________
3. Class __________
4. Order __________
5. Family __________
6. Genus __________
7. Species __________

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• Tree of Life

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Cladistics is classification based on common
ancestry.

• Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group
  of species.
• evidence from living species, fossil record, and
  molecular data
• shown with branching tree diagrams

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derived traits are shown with numbers 1-4-
organisms are shown with letters A-D
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Sample Cladogram
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• 1) Which traits do the Sinornis and Velociraptor
  share?
• 2) Which animal has the most traits?
• 3) Does the Allosaurus have down feathers?

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Make a cladogram for quarter, dime, nickel, penny
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Make a cladogram

• Alligator amniotic egg, bones, four limbs,
  jaws, vertebrae
• Frog bones, four limbs, jaws, vertebrae
• Gull amniotic egg, bones, feathers, four limbs,
  jaws, vertebrae
• Lamprey vertebrae
• Shark jaws, vertebrae
• Swordfish bones, jaws, vertebrae

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Dichotomous keys
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• 1 a) oval leaf go to 2
• b) lobed leaf go to 5
• 2 a) leaf w/smooth edge go to 3
• b) leaf w/serrate or sawtooth edge go to 4
• 3 a) leaf 10 to 15 cm long. . . . . magnolia
• b) leaf 4 to 7 cm long . . . . . . . common
  pear
• 4 a) leaf 10 to 15 cm long . . . . Spanish
  chestnut
• b) leaf 4 to 7 cm long . . . . . . white elm
• 5 a) four or five lobes go to 6
• b) many lobes go to 7

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• 1 a) oval leaf go to 2
• b) lobed leaf go to 5
• 2 a) leaf w/smooth edge go to 3
• b) leaf w/serrate or sawtooth edge go to 4
• 3 a) leaf 10 to 15 cm long . . . . . magnolia
• b) leaf 4 to 7 cm long . . . . . common pear
• 4 a) leaf 10 to 15 cm long . . . . . Spanish
  chestnut
• b) leaf 4 to 7 cm long . . . . . white elm
• 5 a) four or five lobes go to 6
• b) more than 5 lobes go to 7

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• 6 a) four pointy lobes . . . . . tulip tree
• b) five pointy lobes go to 8
• 7 a) lobes pointy . . . . . red oak
• b) lobes rounded . . . English oak
• 8 a) star-shaped leaf . . . . sweetgum tree
• b) leaf not star-shaped . . . Japanese maple

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Common Latin noun endings

• -a, -us, -um, -ae, -i, -is, -o

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Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate
evolutionary time.

• Mutations add up at a constant rate in related
  species.
• As more time passes, there will be more mutations.

The DNA sequences from two descendant species
show mutations that have accumulated (black).
The mutation rate of this sequence equals one
mutation per ten million years.
DNA sequence from a hypothetical ancestor
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• Mitochondrial DNA is used to study closely
  related species.

• mutation rate ten times faster than nuclear DNA
• passed down unshuffled from mother to offspring

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• Mitochondrial DNA

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Evidence for molecular clockin Hemoglobin
Quoll Large carnivorous marsupial
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The current tree of life has three domains.
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Classification is always a work in progress.

• The tree of life shows our most current
  understanding.
• New discoveries can lead to changes in
  classification.
• Until 1866 only two kingdoms,Animalia and
  Plantae

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• Until 1866 only two kingdoms,Animalia and
  Plantae

Plantae
Animalia

• 1866 all single-celled organisms moved to
  kingdom Protista

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• Until 1866 only two kingdoms,Animalia and
  Plantae

• 1866 all single-celled organisms moved to
  kingdom Protista

• 1938 prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera

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• Until 1866 only two kingdoms,Animalia and
  Plantae

• 1866 all single-celled organisms moved to
  kingdom Protista

• 1938 prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera

• 1959 fungi moved to own kingdom

Monera
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• Until 1866 only two kingdoms,Animalia and
  Plantae

• 1866 all single-celled organisms moved to
  kingdom Protista

• 1938 prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera

• 1959 fungi moved to own kingdom

• 1977 kingdom Monerasplit into kingdoms Bacteria
  and Archaea

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The three domains in the tree of life are
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

• Domains are above the kingdom level.
• proposed by Carl Woese based on rRNA studies of
  prokaryotes
• domain model more clearly shows prokaryotic
  diversity

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• Domain Bacteria includes prokaryotes in the
  kingdom Bacteria.

• one of largest groups on Earth
• classified by shape, need for oxygen, and
  diseases caused

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• Domain Archaea includes prokaryotes in the
  kingdom Archaea.

• cell walls chemically different from bacteria

• known for living in extreme environments

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• Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.

• kingdom Protista

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• Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.

• kingdom Protista

• kingdom Plantae

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• Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.

• kingdom Protista

• kingdom Plantae

• kingdom Fungi

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• Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.

• kingdom Protista

• kingdom Plantae

• kingdom Fungi

• kingdom Animalia

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• Tree of Life