Organic Molecules

1
Organic Molecules

• Chapter 20

2
Organic Chemistry

• Two essential elements are located in column 14
  of the periodic table
• Carbon
• Silicon
• Silicon bonds with four single bonds or less
  multiple bonds to form the fundamental compounds
  in the earth.
• Carbon similarly bonds in long chains making up
  essential organic molecules of life.

3
Carbon Bonding

• Carbon forms four bonds with itself or other
  atoms.
• More than any other element carbon has the
  ability to form long chains.
• Carbon forms compounds with either single (CH4
  Methane), double (C2H4 Ethylene) or triple bonds
  (C2H2 Acetylene).

4
Shapes of Molecules

• Organic molecules follow the rules of VSEPR
• Valence
• Shell
• Electron
• Pair
• Repulsion

5
Alkanes

• Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of carbon and
  hydrogen
• Saturated hydrocarbons have all single bonds on
  the carbons
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons have at least one carbon
  with a multiple bond (Alkynes and Alkenes)
• Hydrocarbons use a simple naming scheme assigned
  by the number of carbons

6
Isomers

• Structural Isomerism occurs when two molecules
  have the same number of atoms but different
  bonds.
• Butane (C4H10) and all larger Alkanes exhibit
  structural isomerism.

7
Isomers of Pentane
8
Naming Alkanes
9
Naming Alkanes

• Non branched Alkanes are named as in Table 20.1
• Branched hydrocarbons are named by the carbon
  length of the longest chain.
• When an alkyl is substituted for a hydrogen
  bonded to the carbon the location, name of
  substituent, and Alkane are given in the name.

10
Homework

• Page 744
• 5-17