THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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THERESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Quiz 26A

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What 2 systems provide the raw materials for
metabolism?

• respiratory digestive

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metabolism

• the total of all reactions occurring in a living
  organism

Metabolism is simply the total of all body
processes that burn calories -- your basal
metabolic rate plus your activity factor.
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metabolism
Most of what controls your metabolism isn't under
your control. Some people are genetically blessed
with a high-burning metabolism. They didn't ask
for it, they were born with it. (So don't hate
them for it, unless, of course, they rub it in!)
On average, men have a metabolism that is 10 to
15 percent higher than women's, mainly because of
their larger size and greater muscle mass.
Whether you're a man or a woman, your metabolism
naturally decreases with age.
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metabolism
Scientists have estimated that metabolism slows
about 5 percent per decade, beginning at age 40,
as we lose muscle mass and increase body fat.
Hypothyroidism (under-active thyroid) lowers
metabolism and causes weight gain. Fortunately in
this case, if a blood test confirms there's a
problem, your doctor will prescribe medication
that can boost it back up to baseline.
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metabolism
Remember -- our basal metabolic rate includes the
energy we need for body processes, including
digestion. About 10 percent of our calories are
used to process the food we eat. As the calories
are burned, our bodies generate heat. This
phenomenon, known as the thermic effect of food,
is influenced by how much, how often, and what we
eat. In addition, food can directly affect
metabolism by altering the way the body functions
(which changes the amount of energy it needs).
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recommendations for maximizing metabolism
Eat at least 1,000 calories per day. Although it
is generally true that eating a low-calorie diet
will help you take off weight, if you eat too few
calories, your metabolism will get slower and
slower as it tries to conserve energy. As your
metabolism crashes, the weight you take off will
most likely creep back on over time. Plus, you'll
be more likely to binge on junk food if you
reduce your calories by too much.
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recommendations for maximizing metabolism
Eat every four to five hours. A regular meal
schedule helps keep your body working to digest
and absorb foods. Between breakfast and bed, aim
to eat a meal or snack every four to five hours.
And try to eat breakfast within 90 minutes of
rising.
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recommendations for maximizing metabolism
Eat protein with every meal. All foods contribute
to the thermic effect, which means that all foods
-- carbohydrates, fats, and proteins -- help to
give metabolism a gentle nudge higher when we eat
them. But protein has the greatest thermic effect
of all. In addition, protein can increase
metabolism by helping to maintain and build
muscle mass.
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metabolic rate

• the rate at which an organism uses energy

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basal metabolic rate

• the rate at which an organism uses energy when it
  is inactive

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Functions of the respiratory system

• breathing
• gas exchange between the atmosphere and the
  blood
• preventing foreign substances from entering
  during breathing
• phonation (speaking)

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glucose

• Body's most common source of energy

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Inhale / Inspiration

• breathe in

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Exhale / Expiration

• breathe out

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STRUCTURES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• nose and nasal cavities
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi
• bronchioles
• alveoli

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nose and nasal cavities
nasal septum separate the two nasal cavities
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ciliated mucous membranes
line the nasal cavities
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Functions of the ciliated mucous membranes

• filters bacteria, smoke, and dust particles from
  the air
• warms and moistens air

If anything irritates nasal membranes, it
stimulates sneezing.
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mucous
a thick, sticky substance that filters the air
entering the body
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pharynx
(commonly called the throat)
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pharynx

• muscular tube lined with a ciliated mucous
  membrane
• about 5 inches long
• extends from the back of the nose to the
  esophagus
• sometimes called the "control center" for
  incoming substances, since it serves both the
  respiratory and digestive systems

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7 openings into or out of the pharynx

• 2 openings of nasal cavities
• 2 passageways to middle ear-space (Eustachian
  tubes)
• opening of mouth
• esophagus (passageway to stomach)
• larynx (passageway to lungs)

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larynx
(voice box) short passageway from the pharynx to
the trachea
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larynx
walls consist of cartilage pieces held together
by several muscles and ligaments
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vocal chords (or folds)
a pair of membrane folds in the larynx
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false vocal cords
The more superior set, called the false vocal
cords, functions primarily to protect the glottis.
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true vocal cords
The inferior set, the true vocal cords, produces
the voice.
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vocal chords (or folds)
vocal chords in females are thinner and shorter
(they vibrate more rapidly)
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vocal chords (or folds)
vocal chords in males are thicker and longer
(they vibrate more slowly)
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glottis
the space between the folds
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epiglottis
a thin, flexible flap in front of the larynx
folds over and blocks the glottis during
swallowing
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trachea
(windpipe) the tube that carries air between the
pharynx and the lungs
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trachea

• about 4 1/2 inches long
• lined by the ciliated mucous membrane which
  traps matter such as dust, pollen, and smoke
• ends behind the heart, where it divides into 2
  bronchi

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bronchi
(singular, bronchus) the 2 branches off of the
trachea
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bronchi
function carrying air to and from the lungs
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bronchi
bronchi branch and rebranch to form bronchioles
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bronchioles
carries air to and from the alveoli within the
lungs
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alveoli
(singular, alveolus) the microscopic sacs in
which the exchange of gases takes place in the
lungs
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alveoli
walls only 1 cell thick surrounded by capillaries
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How does this gasexchange take place?
by diffusion
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humans use only about 1/8 of their lung capacity
for regular breathing
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breathing
the process of inhaling and exhaling air
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breathing
air is moved by muscles
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breathing
diaphragm muscle that separates the thorax from
the abdomen
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breathing
diaphragm main muscle used in breathing Secondary
muscles are the intercostals
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thorax
chest cavity