Title: Conduite
1Conduite à tenir devant une suspicion dinfection
liée aux cathéters en réanimation
- Jean-François TIMSIT
- CHU Grenoble
- UJF/Inserm U 823
Nice - Juin 2007
2ILC Le traitement depend de
- sévérité du sepsis
- maladies sous-jacente (immunodépression,
prothèses). - Micro-organismes identifiés ou suspectés
- HC positives ou négatives
- Utilité et facilité de labord veineux central
Faible niveau de preuve
3 Deux constraintes Eviter lablation inutile
des CVCs (75 cases) et le risque associé de
complications mécaniques Sauver les malades et
éviter que linfection se complique En cas de
sepsis grave le cathéter DOIT être enlevé
42 situations
- Sepsis sévère de cause inconnu
- Ablation du CVC
- (or ou échange sur guide?)
-
- Quels antibiotiques?
- Comment dépister les complications et les traiter?
- Fièvre sans signes de sepsis sévère en
réanimation - Hémoculture positive
- Est il possible de conserver le cathéter sans
risques?
5Le cathéter?
- Ablation du cathéter
- Est associée à un plus grand nombre de guérison
et une amélioration du pronostic - 2. Diagnostic cathéter en place
- 3. Echange sur guide (GWX)
6Biofilm formation
Schneegurt, MA. Wichita St. University,
Microbiology 103.
7Why form a bioflim?
Jefferson KK. FEMS. 2004236163-73.
8Susceptibility of biofilm organisms
Organism Antibiotic MIC or MBC (mcg/mL) Effective vs. biofilm (mcg/mL)
S. aureus (NCTC 8325-4) Vancomycin 2 (MBC) 20
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) Imipenem 1 (MIC) gt1,024ª
E. coli (ATCC 25922) Ampicillin 2 (MIC) 512ª
P. pseudomallei Ceftazidime 8 (MBC) 800
S. sanguis Doxycycline 0.063 (MIC) 3.15
ª Minimal biofilm eradication
Adapted from Donlan RM, et al. Clin Microbiol
Rev. 200215167-93.
91- Bacterias with slime production have an
increased MICs and MBCs to ABx 2- The Biofilm
increases the resistance of bacteria to ABt
SCN culture
CVC maintenance is always risky
10Catheter removal and duration of candidemia
Rex et al
-Decrease of the duration of the candidemia New
site 5.6 days vs Other 2.6 days - Bias APACHE
II 14.5 vs 16.9 p0.03 Other catheter 1.2 vs
1.8,plt0.001 - GWX 6.3 1.8 j
Catheter removal should be prefered
11Candidemia CVC removal and mortality
meta-analysis
- Analyses are biased because CVCs removal is
associated with severity - 4 studies with severity scores adjustment
- Anaissie 1998 (n491) Retro adj OR 2 (1.4-2.9,
p0.06) - Nucci (CID) 1998 (n54) Pro adj OR NS
- Nucci (2) 1998 (n145) Pro adj OR 4.22 (2-11.6)
- Luzzatti 2000 (n189) retro adj OR 1.61
(1.01-2.63, p0.047)
Nucci Clin Infect dis 2002 34591
12Management of CVCs in patients with cancer and
candidemia Raad I et al Clin Infect Dis 2004
381119
- 1993-1998
- 404 episodes of candidemia (50 ICU) with 1 CVCs
for more than 1 days - 3 categories
- Primary candidemia 241 (60)
- Secondary candidemia 52 (13)
- CVC related candidemia 111 (27)
- tip cult (66) or quantitative BC gt 51 (45)
13Is candidemia catheter-related? Raad I et al
Clin Infect Dis 2004 381119
- 111 catheter-related candidemia and 52 secondary
candidemia - No corticosteroids within 1 month OR 3.5
(1.3-9.4), p0.02 - No chemotherapy within 1 month OR 4.3
(1.5-13.3), plt0.01 - Non disseminated infection OR 9.7 (3.5-26.3),
plt0.01 - Good response to antifungal therapy OR 2.9
(2.2-7.2), p0.03
() Dissemination to non contiguous
sites ()Resolution of fever and chills, BC neg.
14Outcome of candidemia time of catheter removal
after the first positive culture Raad I
et al Clin Infect Dis 2004 381119
15Predictors of failure to respond to antifungal
therapy Raad I et al Clin Infect Dis 2004
381119
16Proposed algorythm for candidemia Raad I et al
Clin Infect Dis 2004 381119
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18 Absence of CVC removal is always risky
- Candida sp 427 CRB
- Death 41 vs 21
- Nguyen et al - Arch Intern Med 19951552429
- S. aureus 50 CRB (retrospective)
- Persistent BC11 vs 56 (p0.01), Deaths 5 vs
20 - Malanovski GJ - Arch Intern Med
19951551161 - X. maltophilia
- cured 49/49 vs 32/62 (plt0.0001)
- Elting et al - Medicine 199069296
- Boktour et al Cancer2006 1061967
- Gram negative bacili
- relapse 1/67 vs 5/5 (plt0.001)
- Hanna et al ICHE 2004 25646
- Enterococci (n61)
- cured 5/13 vs 40/47 (plt0.01)
- especially if aminoglycosides are not associated
with cell-wall agent - Sandoe JA JAC 2002 50577
- CNS
- Deaths 4/36 vs 4/34, recurrence after 3 months
1/36 vs 6/34
19In case of tunnelitis Antimicrobials alone is
not sufficient
- Microorganisms Cured Failures
- (n5) (n15)
- S. aureus 1 1
- P. aeruginosa 0 7
- polymicrobial 1 5
- Negative culture 3 2
- 4 with P. aeruginosa et 1 with P.
maltophilia
Benezra et al, Am. J. Med., 1988, 85, 495
20Culture après ablation des cathéters
- Culture qualitative (trop peu spécifique à
abandonner) - Culture semi-quantitative
- si gt 15 cfu/ml
- Maki et al. N Engl J Med 1977 296 1305-1309
- Culture quantitative
- Portion endo et extra-luminale préférable
- ultrasonication
- Sherertz et al J Clin Microbiol 1990
- Vortexage dans 1 ml de RL stérile
- Brun-Buisson - Arch Int Med 1987 147873
21Influence de la culture des KT sous antibiotiques
actifs
- KT intrapéritonéaux/souris
- Infectés à S. epi puis traité par TEICO ou RMP
- A J1 culture neg ou micro-colonies
- Culture vs détection du mRNA (bactéries
viables)PCR quanti J2
Sensibilité gt1000 cfu/ml gt100 cfu/ml
Contrôle 94 (30/32) 94 (30/32)
TEICO 72 (49/68) 81 (55/68)
RMP 86 (62/72) 94 (68/72)
Vandecasteele et al Diagnostic Microbiology and
Infectious Disease 48 (2004) 8995
22The CVC ?
- CVC removal
- Diagnosis catheter in place
- Direct examination
- Other methods based on culture results
- 3. Guidewire exchange (GWX)
23Modes de colonisations
Extraluminale
Endoluminale
24Endo ou extra-luminale?
Nb KT/durée 139/8.6 156/ 15 109/18.2 113/23.9
22/20 400/23 42/ 114
Nb inf sys 53 11 6 28 20 24 11
Hub 12 1 3 21 14 9 8
Peau 30 4 3 7 2 5
Mixte 8 2 2
Cercenado 1990 Fan 1988 Cicco 1989 Salzman
1993 Linares 1985 Segura 1993 Weightman 1988
25Diagnostic catheter in place
A negative cutaneous swab culture of skin entry ?
100 Negative predictive value Paired
(Peripheral/central) quantitative BC gt
5/1 or Differential time to positivity of BC gt
120 mn
Se/Sp gt 90
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27Test diagnostic rapide
Kite et al Lancet 1999 3541504
- 100 µL de sang par le KTC
- Traitement par l'acide édétique
- lyse et centrifugation puis
- pastilles de cytocentrifugation
- puis coloration acridine orange et Gram
- 100 champs, 2 colorations
Gram AOLC test Positif Négatif
ILC 48 2
ILC- 5 57
28Diagnosis of Catheter - Related Infections
Endoluminal brush and Acridine Orange stain
Se 83
50 CVC
50 CVC
Se 18
18 cult
17 cult
15 AOLC
2 AOLC
Group 1 Acridine orange stain Group
2 Acridine orange stain
and
endoluminal brush
Tighe et al. J Parent Enter Nutr 1996 20 215-218
29Culture cutanée valeur prédictive
- 134 CVC de réanimation, 70 S.clav.
- Durée d'insertion10 6 jours
- écouvillonnage de 25 cm2 site d'insertion
- 75 cultures peau positives / 26 CVC gt 103cfu/ml
- concordance bactérienne avec la culture du KT
dans 23/24 cas de colonisation de CVC - Se 92.3
- Sp 52.7
- VPP 32
- VPN 96.7
- VPP moins bonne pour les G (24 vs 47)
Mahé I et al. Reanim Urg 1998717
30Prélèvements cutanés orientés
- 132 Kt, hématologie, culture (Maki Sheretz)
- Cultures systématiques tous les mois vs Culture
en cas de suspicion d'infection
N 87 15
Se 18 75
Sp 83 100
VPP 13 100
VPN 88 92
Systématiques Orientés
() écouvillon de 24 cm 2, culture quantitative
en milieu liquide
Raad Clin Infect Dis 1995 20593
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32Hémoculture quantitative comparative en
réanimation
14/283 infectés, 19 ont au moins une HC sur CVC
Seuil KT/P2 Se 98 Sp 98 Seuil KT/P8 Se
92.8 Sp 98.8 Seuil KT/P100 Se 79 Sp 99
Que faire des HC centrales positives isolées?
Quilici - CID 1997 251066
33 Délai de positivité des hémocultures (DTP)
Turbidité du sang fonction de linoculum bactérien
HC sur cathéter
0 4
8
heures
HC périph.
0 4
8
heures
DPT 4 h.
34Délai de positivité
- Validation in-vitro Blot F et al - J Clin
Microbiol. 1998105-109 - Validation in-vivo (réanimation cancérologique)
- Seuil DTP 120 mn Blot F - Lancet 2000 354
1071 - MAIS
- Que faire de hémocultures dissociées?
- Explore essentiellement le mode de contamination
endoluminaleutilité en réanimation? - Rijnders BJ et al - Crit Care Med. 2001
Jul29(7)1399-403 - Cependant valeur diagnostique aussi bonne pour
les CVCs de moins ou de plus de 30 jours - Raad et al Ann Intern Med 2004 14018-25
35(No Transcript)
36Blot F - Lancet 354 1071-77
14 mois, 93 suspicions d ILC CVC courte et
longue durée, dispositifs implantables Paires
d hémocultures et ablation du KT dans les 48
heures Sp 91 (95 CI 59 -100) Se 94 (95 CI
71 - 100)
37Paired blood cultures Total CRI Absence of CRI
Positive (H/P) 28 17 11 DTP gt120 min
17 16 1 DTP lt120 min 11 1 10
Dissociated 19 3 16 (H/P) 17 3 14
(H/P) 2 0 2 Negative (H/P) 46 4
42 Total 93 24 69
Blot F - Lancet 1999 354 1071-77
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40Endoluminal colonization in which lumen?
Dobbins et al CCM 2003 31 1688
CVCs not suspected No CRBSI (n50) CVCs suspected No CRBSI (n25) CVCs suspected CRBSI (n25)
N lumens colonized 1 2 3 6 3 0 4 3 0 10 10 5
N CVCs Maki roll 28 14 20
() endoluminal brushesgt 100 CFUs
41In situ diagnosis of intravascular
catheter-related bloodstream infection A
comparison of quantitative culture, differential
time to positivity, and endoluminal brushing
Catton et al Crit Care Med 2005 33787
42Watchful waiting vs immediate CVC removal in the
ICU - Rijnders BJ et al Intens Care Med 2004
30 1073-80
Exclusion Neutropenia, foreign body,
transplantation BSI (positive BC) Erythema,
induration or purulence HD instability Previous
DNR
43Watchful waiting vs immediate CVC removal in the
ICU - Rijnders BJ et al Intens Care Med 2004
30 1073-80 (2)
New Abx after inclusion 13 of 32 patients in the
WW 22 of 32 in the SOC-(P0.04).
44limitations
- Weak and subjective exclusion criterias
- Low power
- Rate of non bacteremic sepsis not reported
- Decrease in the rate of suspicion of CR-BSI
during the study - First half 85/704 vs 2nd half 59 / 790 p0.003
Rijnders BJ et al Intens Care Med 2004 30
1073-80
45The CVC ?
1. CVC removal 2. Diagnosis catheter in place 3.
Guidewire exchange (GWX)
Associated with fewer mechanical complications
OR 0.48 0.89-3.33 But a trend toward a
higher risk of infection of the 2nd CVCs OR
1.72 0.89-3.33
Cook DJ Crit Care Med 1997251417
46Changement sur guide
Palmer S ICHE 2005 26506
- 158 changements sur guide / 13 cultures de guide
positives (8.2)
Même germes sur les 2 CVCs et le guide dans 6 / 7
cas Colonisation du guide prédictif de la
colonisation du CVC posé (p0.05)
47Guidewire exchange (GWX)
1. When to start antimicrobials? ? Before the
guidewire exchange 2. Attitude with the second
CVC ? Keep it if culture neg. ? Remove it if
culture pos. ? It might be possible to keep
the 2nd CVC in case of CNS or Enterobacteriaceae?
???
48Critères diagnostiques
- Infection bactériemique
- CVC ou HC différentielles ou culture du site
dinsertion - et HC au même germe
- Absence dautre site expliquant les HC
- ILC non bactériémique
- C.V.C.
- Et
- Une régression totale ou partielle dans les 48 h
- ou
- Orifice purulent ou tunnelite.
Réactualisation du consensus Réanimation
200312 258-265
49Catheter tip colonization a surrogate?
- Meta-analysis
- 1990- 2002 randomized study
- 29 studies selected
- Quantitative or semiquantitative cult and CR-BSI
- Correlation
- R squared 0.48, plt 0.001
- BSI0.77 0.73(CTC)
Rijnders et al Clin Infect Dis 2002 91053
50Should we always prescribe systemic
antimicrobials ?
- Always if severe sepsis or septic shock
- Positive blood cultures
- - Yes, always
- For CNS (2 positive BC)
- In case of negative BC ????
51Which micro-organisms are associated with severe
complications? ?(n 102)
Shock Sepsis Thrmb. Sept.
Other Total () CNS 3 1 1
1 6/33 (18) S. aureus 3 3 4
8 12/32 (38) Enterococci 0 0
0 0 0/3 GNB 2 0 0
0 2/10 (20) P.aeruginosa 1 0
1 0 2/4 (50) Candida spp. 0 7
0 0 7/11 (64) Polymicrob. 2
1 1 0 4/9 (44) Nb
Complications/Nb of events
Arnow PM et al. 1993 Clin Infect Dis
52Antimicrobials (BC neg)
Situation Antimicrobials Candida spp, S.
aureus or P. aeruginosa Sepsis after CVC
removal Yes No fever after CVC removal No
? Other micro-organisms ? Fever after CVC
removal No If GWX or CVC in
place Yes ______________________________________
____________ Except immunosuppression
53Quelles molécules doit t on utiliser?
C-CLIN Sud Est 2000 C-CLIN Paris-Nord Réa Cat 2000 C-CLIN Paris-Nord Réa Cat 2000
Colonisation Colonisation
CNS 40 44
S. aureus 10 6
Entérocoques 3 -
BGN dont pyocyanique 40 12 37 15
Candida 3 2
Infection
28
19
-
47 22
1
54Grandes variations selon les centres
55Lépidémiologie varie en fonction des années et
des épidémies
from U.H.L.I.N Bichat I Lolom, JC Lucet
56 Microorganismes voie fémorale Timsit et al
Ann intern Med 1999
Infection sytémique de KT
Culture gt103 cfu/ml
Controles (21/19) 1 4 1 4 1 2 7 1
Tunnelisés (15/14) 1 4 0 3 2 2 2 1
Tunnelisés (6/5) 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1
Controles (17/15) 1 2 1 4 0 2 6 1
Groupes (N /N events) S. aureus SCN Enterococcus
P. aeruginosa A. baumannii E. coli Autres Gram
neg. Champignons
4
9
21
17
2
2
57Choice of the molecules
- Situations
- active on CNS
- If severe, consider immediately GNB and yeast
- Molecules
- Glycopeptide gentamicin
- If GNB suspected activity against P.
aeruginosa - Candida fluconazole (800 mg laoding dose) or
Ampho B (unstable patients) - Rex et al N Engl J Med 1994 3311325
- Antimicrobials should be adapted to blood and
catheter cultures
LNZ? Lipopeptides?
Eichinocandins? AmpB - L
58Biofilm production and antifungal effects
- In the biofilm (C. albicans and C. glabrata)
- AMPHO B gt Voriconazole gt fluconazole
- Regrowth was noted in the biofilm
- Lewis et al Antimicrob Agent Chemother 2002
3499 - Killing of the biofilm cells better with
eichinocandins (caspofungin) (activity against
fungal cell wall ) - Kuhn DM - Antimicrob Agent Chemother 2002 1773
- Ramage R - Antimicrob Agent Chemother 2002 3634
- Bachmann SP- Antimicrob Agent Chemother 20023591
59Favorable outcome per-protocol
p 0,03
p 0,05
80,7
79,5
64,9
64,9
Mora-Duarte J et al. NEJM 2002.
60Kuse et al - Lancet 2007 369 151927
61What should be done in case of failure ?(sepsis
and/or BC gt 3 days)
? Pharmacologic failure MRSA/glycopeptides ?
Thrombophlebitis ? New CVC colonization ? Other
septic foci (endocarditis)
62Vancomycin
Pharmacocinetic variable and unpredictable
Dosage Low level associated with
failure Maintain trough gt 15-20 µg/ml especially
if MIC gt 1 µg/ml Consider association Gentamicin
if possible, rifampin, linezolid?,
dalfopristin-quinupristin? SUBSEQUENT
DE-ESCALATION IF Methicillin sensitive
63Septic thrombophlebitis
- Clinically silent
- Ultrasound Doppler.
- Ligation of the vein very invasive, rarely
indicated - Optimizing the antimicrobial
- Antibiotic dosing, 2 antimicrobials
- Longer duration 4-6 weeks
- Heparin and fibrinolytic ?
64Trans-oesophagal echography and S.aureus
n
26
7
P lt 0,0005
Adapted from Fowler et al. JACC 1997
65Duration of treatment and complications
P0.01
S. aureus Relapse increases if treatment is
less than 10 days
Malanovski GJ - Arch Intern Med 19951551161
66S. aureus CRB Short treatment
Jernigan et al - Ann Intern Med 1993119304
- Meta-analysis 11 studies/ 132 Pts
- Late complications after treatment lt 14
days 6.1 95 CI, 2.0 - 10.2 - Rare but severe
- 3 Endocarditis (1 surgery)
- 2 epidural abscesses (1 surgery)
- 2 bacteremias (1 death)
67Duration of treatment proposals (Positive BC)
Microorganism Duration (d) S.
aureus 14 (?4-6 weeks) P.
aeruginosa 14 Candida spp. 14
(?28) CNS 7 (?14/ 21)
Enterobacteriaceae 7 (?14/ 21) _______________
_______________________________________
complications If CVC left in place or
immunosupression
68Duration of treatment proposals (Negative BC)
- Nothing!!
- Probably not justified if afebrile after CVC
removal? - S. aureus et P. aeruginosa or immunosupression
- ? ?? (7d?)
69Antibiotic lock in ICU?
- Antimicrobial concentration high (X 50 to 100)
- Volume 2 ml ( héparine if vanco, cipro, teico)
- Anticrobials stable (even with heparine)
- vanco, cefazolin, ticar-clavu,cipro (Anthony et
al, AAC 19992074) - New locksMinocyclin-EDTA, Ethanol, Taurolidine
- CVC use is impossible during the lock
- Injection 2 fold a day, for 2 to 3 weeks
- Associated IV antimicrobialsContra-indications
fungal infections, neutropenia, thrombophlebitis,
tunnelitis, septic shock
70Verrou (VLA) ou AB IV
Problèmes de définition des infections Sites
dinfection inconstamment cités Paramètres
dévaluation de lefficacité différents
71AAC 2007 78-83
()I.R. is the inventor of catheter lock
technology that involves alcohol. This patent is
the property of The University of Texas M. D.
Anderson Cancer Center.
72Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 20061601049-1053
70 Ethanol lock 45/51 success
Treatment success was defined as resolution of
fever within 24 hours, no recurrence of positive
blood cultures with the same organism, and
retention of the IVD. Treatment failure was
defined as recurrence within 30 days with the
same pathogen or removal of the IVD because of a
persistent infection.
73Comité d'organisation Responsables pour la
commission des référentiels B Guidet, R Robert,
M Wolff, S LeteurtreChargé de projet adulte
JF Timsit, pédiatrie Ph DurantExperts adulte
G Nitenberg, pédiatrie DagevilleMembres de
l'ancien jury G Bleichner, Y Letulzo, M
Pinsard. Experts extérieurs JC Lucet, B
Souweine, L Soufir, P Longuet, J Merrer , A
Lepape, F Blot, C Martin, G Nitenberg, O Mimoz,
Ph Eggiman, G Colas, C Brun-Buisson
Reanimation 2003
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