Respiratory System

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Respiratory System
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What is respiration?
The entire process of gas exchange between the
atmosphere and body cells is called respiration.
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Functions

1. Supplies the bodys cell with oxygen and removes
   carbon dioxide
2. Traps particles from incoming air
3. Control temperature and water concentration of
   incoming air
4. Produces sounds
5. Sense of smell
6. Regulates blood pH levels

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4 Types of respiration

• Breathing the movement of air into and out of
  the lungs also known as ventilation
• Inhalation taking air into lungs
• Exhalation moving air out of lungs
• External respiration exchange of O2 and CO2
  between the alveolar air and blood (occurs in the
  lungs)

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4 Types of respiration (cont)

• Internal respiration exchange of O2 and CO2
  between the blood in the systemic capillaries and
  the tissue fluid
• Cellular respiration the production of ATP by
  the bodys cells

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Organs of the Respiratory System

• Upper respiratory tract
• Nose
• Nasal cavity
• Paranasal sinuses
• Pharynx

• Lower respiratory tract
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchial Tree
• Lungs

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Nose
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The Nose

• Supported by bone and cartilage
• Two nostrils are openings which air can enter
  and leave the nasal cavity
• Internal hairs guard the nostrils

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Nasal Cavity

• The nasal cavity is a hollow space behind the
  nose.
• The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into
  right and left portions.
• Nasal conchae are bones that fold inward to
  support the mucous membranes and divide the nasal
  cavity into passageways.

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Mucous membrane

• Contains epithelium that is rich in
  mucus-secreting cells
• Includes an extensive network of blood vessels
• As air passes over the membrane, heat leaves the
  blood and warms the air, adjusting the airs
  temperature to that of the body.

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Mucous membrane (cont)

• Incoming air is moistened as water evaporates
  from the mucus lining.
• The sticky mucous that the membrane secretes
  traps dust and other particles entering with the
  air.

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Paranasal sinuses

• The paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces
  located within the skull.
• Lined with mucous membranes
• Reduce the weight of the skull
• Resonant chambers that affect the quality of the
  voice

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Nose
Pharynx
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Pharynx

• The pharynx (throat) connects the nasal cavity
  and the larynx.
• Passageway for food and air
• Helps produce sounds of speech

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Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
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Larynx

• The larynx is an enlargement in the airway at
  the top of the trachea and below the pharynx.
• Conducts air in and out of the trachea and
  prevents foreign objects from entering the
  trachea.
• Houses the vocal cords.

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Larynx (cont.)

• Composed of a framework of muscles and
  cartilages bound by elastic tissue
• Thyroid (Adams apple)
• Cricoid
• Epiglottic

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Within the larynx

• Two folds of muscle tissue and connective
  tissue
• False vocal cords upper folds that do not
  produce sound
• True vocal cords lower folds
• Glottis triangular opening between the vocal
  cords

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Within the larynx (cont.)

• When food or liquid is swallowed, muscles within
  the false vocal cords close the glottis, which
  prevents food or liquid from entering the
  trachea.
• Epiglottis flaplike structure that partially
  closes during swallowing to prevent foods and
  liquids from entering the air passages

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Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
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Trachea

• The trachea is a flexible, cylindrical tube that
  extends downward in front of the esophagus and
  into the thoracic cavity.
• Lined with a ciliated mucous membrane that
  filters incoming air and moves entrapped
  particles upward into the pharynx, where the
  mucous can be swallowed.

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Trachea (cont.)

• Splits into right and left bronchi.
• Cartilaginous rings prevent the trachea from
  collapsing and blocking the airway.

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Bronchial Tree
The bronchial tree is composed of branched
passages leading from the trachea to the lungs.
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Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Left Bronchus
Right Bronchus
Bronchioles
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Bronchial Tree Consists of

• Primary bronchi the two branches of the
  trachea that lead to the lungs and divide into
  secondary bronchi
• Bronchioles similar branches of the main
  divisions of the secondary bronchi within the
  lungs
• Alveolar ducts thin tubes that lead into
  pouches of air sacs called alveolar sacs

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Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Left Bronchus
Right Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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Alveoli

• Alveoli tiny sacs on the ends of the alveolar
  ducts where gases are exchanged by diffusion
• Gas exchange occurs at the capillaries around
  the alveoli

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Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lungs
Left Bronchus
Right Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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Lungs

• The lungs are soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs
  in the thoracic cavity
• Each lung is surrounded by membranes called
  pleural membranes
• Visceral pleura the inner portion that
  attaches to each lung
• Parietal pleura lines the inner wall of the
  thoracic cavity

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Lungs (cont.)

• The space between these two membranes is called
  the pleural cavity.
• The right lung is larger than the left one.
• Right lung three lobes
• Left lung two lobes