Motivation and Emotion

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Motivation

• A need or desire that energizes and directs
  behavior.

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Motivation
Click on the fish to watch its instinctual
behavior.

• Instinct Theory we are motivated by our inborn
  automated behaviors (unlearned)
• But instincts only explain why we do a small
  fraction of our behaviors.
• Imprinting (Lorenz)

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Internal Motivation

• How do you know when it is time for a glass of
  water?

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Drive Reduction Theory

• Our behavior is motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS.
• Wants to maintain homeostasis.
• When we are not, we have a need that creates a
  drive (or a PUSH)
• Primary versus Secondary drives (not explained by
  DRT)

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Secondary Motives

• Examples of secondary motives
• curiosity
• sensation seeking
• play
• achievement
• affiliation
• power
• Drive Reduction Theory Instinct theory do not
  account for any of these!

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Incentives Theory(Motivational Theory 3)

• Incentives Theory a positive or negative
  ENVIRONMENTAL (has to be external) stimulus that
  motivates behavior apart from the need to
  reduce drives (incentives PULL towards something)
• Ex money, etc.

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Arousal Theory

• We are motivated to seek an optimum level of
  arousal.
• Yerkes-Dodson Law

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Optimal Arousal Theory Continued

• Yerkes-Dodson Principle of Arousal (graph forms
  an inverted-U) which states basic/general tasks
  are completed best with a moderate level of
  arousal.

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Inverted-U Graph only Relates to General/Basic
Tasks (Yerkes-Dodson)

• What level of arousal is optimal for most
  individuals when they are completing
  DIFFICULT/SKILL BASED TASKS?
• What level of arousal is optimal for most
  individuals when they are completing EASY/EFFORT
  BASED TASKS?

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Arousal and Performance
Performance level
High
Arousal
Low
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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

• Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs,
  and all needs are not created equal.
• We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs
  first.

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Quick Review Why Do We Eat?

• Incentive Theory would argue
• Drive Reduction Theory would argue
• Optimal Arousal Theory would argue

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Motivation of HUNGER
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Biological Basis of Hunger

• Hunger does NOT come from our stomach.
• It comes from our
• Brain
• What part of the brain?
• The Hypothalamus

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Hypothalamus

• Lateral Hypothalamus

• Ventromedial Hypothalamus

• When stimulated it makes you hungry.
• When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be
  hungry again.

• When stimulated you feel full.
• When lesioned you will never feel full again.

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Set Point Theory

• The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat.
• Wants to maintain a stable weight.
• When body falls below set point, hunger increases
  and metabolism decreases
• Leptin theory

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Body Chemistry

• Glucose
• The hormone insulin converts glucose to fat.
• When glucose levels drop- hunger increases.

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Psychological Aspects of Hunger

• Internals versus Externals
• The Garcia Effect
• Time

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Culture and Hunger
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Dog
Mice Wine
Fried Frog Legs
Criadillas- bull testicles.
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Learning Influences Eating

• Example May finish your vegetables to stop your
  mom from nagging you or to make your grandma
  happy.
• If you eat broccoli, you get dessert
• Modeling

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Eating Disorders

• Bulimia Nervosa
• Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of
  food) and purging (getting rid of the food).

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Anorexia Nervosa

• Starve themselves to below 85 of their normal
  body weight.
• See themselves as fat.
• Vast majority are woman.

Click on the woman to watch a case study of an
anorexic.
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Obesity

• Severely overweight to the point where it causes
  health issues.
• Mostly eating habits but some people are
  predisposed towards obesity.

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Changing Beauty Standards Correlate with Eating
Disorders
KATE MOSS
MARILYN MONROE
IDEAL UNTIL 1900S

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Womens Distorted Ideals of Body Image
Thinnest
Fattest
Womens ideal
Womens current body image
What women believed men preferred
What men actually preferred