The Respiratory System

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The Respiratory System

• Parts and function

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Acquiring Energy

• ATP is the energy currency for all cells
• It is required as an energy source for performing
  activities such as building proteins to moving to
  a new location, to secreting a message to other
  cells, or to splitting into two new cells.
• Cells use energy in food molecules to build ATP
• There are two ways in which a cell can do this
• Fermentation or Cellular Respiration

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Fermentation

• This is a means of breaking down food into ATP
  without the presence of Oxygen
• Fermentation is used primarily by single-celled
  microscopic fungi called yeast and some bacteria.
• It may also occur in the muscle cells of animals
  when oxygen is depleted by vigorous exercise
• A biproduct of this reaction is lactic acid which
  causes muscle cramps

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Cellular respiration

• This process requires molecular oxygen
• In summary There is an enzyme-controlled
  chemical reaction between the food molecules and
  some oxygen which results in the release of
  energy from the food. The energy is used to make
  ATP.
• Reaction-
• Glucose Oxygen CO2 Water
• The net gain is 36-38 molecules of ATP per
  molecule of glucose

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The Respiratory System

• In order for cellular respiration to occur,
  organisms must have oxygen and that oxygen must
  somehow get to all of the cells in the body
• This is the purpose of the Respiratory System
• It includes lungs, bronchi, and trachea
• It also requires the circulatory system to
  transport gases to and from the cells

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The alveoli are surrounded by capilaries which
allow the oxygen to be moved from the lungs into
the circulatory system for transport to the rest
of the body
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The Function

• It draws oxygen into the body for eventual
  distribution to cells and to remove carbon
  dioxide from the body
• These two gases are exchanged between the blood
  and the atmosphere by diffusion in opposite
  directions across an external surface
• In fish this surface is the gills
• In terrestrial animals, the surface must be
  inside the body or it would quickly dry out is
  exposed to the environment.

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Moving oxygen in and carbon dioxide out

• Because the lungs are located internally, there
  must be a way to get the air containing oxygen
  into ones body and moving air containing carbon
  dioxide away from the surface
• This is solved by breathing or ventilation
• Lungs are able to ventilate the body through
  alternating expansion and contraction

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Inhalation

• Stimuli from the neurons cause the diaphragm to
  contract and the intercostal muscles to raise the
  rib cage
• These actions increase the volume of the thoracic
  cavity, resulting in lower air pressure within
  the thoracic cavity
• At this point there is a higher air pressure
  inside the lungs that outside in the thoracic
  cavity resulting in the expansion of the lungs
  and air being drawn in through the trachea

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Exhalation

• Relaxation of the diaphragm causes it to push up
  into a dome shape below the lungs
• Relaxation of the intercostal muscles cause the
  ribs to come down
• These actions cause the thoracic cavity to
  decrease in volume resulting in greater air
  pressure outside the lungs than inside, causing
  the lungs to compress, forcing air out of the
  lungs.

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The Heimlich Maneuver

• This is an effective way to remove food from the
  throat of a choking victim
• Before performing, you must first determine if
  person is really choking
• If the person can speak, do NOT use the Heimlich
  maneuver
• If they cannot speak and have their hand at their
  throat, it is appropriate to perform the maneuver