Kingdom Fungi

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Kingdom Fungi
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Basic Characteristics

• Why are Fungi NOT plants or animals?
• Characteristics
• Heterotrophic
• Much of life cycle is haploid!
• Multi cellular except for yeast
• Cell walls of Chitin structural carbohydrate
• Must absorb NOT ingest food
• Digestion actually happens outside the body!
• Can be parasitic ringworm, athletes foot

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Hyphae

• All Fungi except for yeast are made of Hyphae
• Each Hypha is one cell, can have 1 or 2 nuclei
  free to move or not
• Body of Fungi is called Mycelium many hyphae
  tangled together
• Fruiting Body reproductive part of underground
  mycelium

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A Fairy Ring

• Why does this happen?
• Is this all one organism?

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Reproduction

• Reproduce both Asexually and Sexually
• Asexual - 2 ways
• Hyphae break off forms a new organism
• Produce Spores reproductive cell made by
  mitosis
• Made in the sporangia
• Sporangia are found at tips of specialized hyphae
• Spores are found everywhere!
• Chance of spore germinating is 1 in a billion!
• Needs warm, moist environment

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Asexual Reproduction in Action

• Spores are being released into the air!

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Reproduction

• Sexual Reproduction
• 2 different mating types () and (-)
• Hyphae of opposite mating types meet
• Each Hypha forms a Gametangium
• Structure that makes gametes (haploid)
• 2 haploid gametes fuse make diploid zygote
• Meiosis takes place to make haploid org

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Classification of Fungi

• Classify by structure and reproduction methods
• 1. Phylum Zygomycota Common Molds
• Ex Bread Mold
• 2. Phylum Ascomycota Sac Fungi
• Cup Fungi, Yeasts
• 3. Phylum Basidiomycota Club Fungi
• Mushrooms
• 4. Phylum Deuteromycota Imperfect Fungi
• Catch all Ex Penicillium

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Phylum Zygomycota Common Mold

• Molds on meat, cheese, and bread
• 3 Types of Hyphae
• Stolons Stem like hyphae
• Run along top of food source
• Rhiziods Root like hyphae
• Penetrate
• Release digestive enzymes, absorb organic matter
• Sporangiophores hyphae that push up in air
• Release spores into the air

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1. Phylum ZygomycotaLife Cycle

• Sexual and Asexual life stages
• Zygospore thick, resistant spore
• Made during sexual reproduction (how?)
• contains zygote
• Zygote germinates (right conditions)
• produces sporangium
• Sporangium reproduce Asexually
• Release new spores into the air

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Life Cycle of Phylum Zygomycota
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2. Phylum AscomycotaSac Fungi

• Named for the Ascus
• Reproductive structure that contains spores
• Visible and microscopic
• Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
• Conidia tiny spore name means dust
• formed at tips of specialized Hyphae called
  Conidiophore
• In suitable conditions form new haploid orgs.

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Phylum Ascomycota Life Cycle

• Sexual Reproduction () and (-) hyphae grow
  together
• () and (-) types Hyphae form the fruiting body
• Contains the Ascus
• Gametangium of both types fuse together
• In the Ascus nuclei of () and (-) types (2) fuse
  
• form 2N zygote
• Zygote soon divides by meiosis then enters
  mitosis
• Releases 8 ascospores

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Ascomycetes Life Cycle
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Ascomycota Ex Yeast

• Unicellular fungi
• Have ascus and produce ascospores
• Dry granules are ascospores!
• Activate in moist conditions
• Can see asexual reproduction
• Baking Yeast called Saccharomyces
• Means sugar fungi
• use alcohol fermentation to obtain energy
• Sugar used as food, give off alcohol, CO2
• CO2 is why bread rises

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3. Phylum BasidiomycotaClub Fungi

• Reproductive Structure looks like a club
• Fruiting Body
• Common Mushrooms
• Edible, Medicinal, Poisonous
• Very complex life cycle
• Mycelium underground grow very large and survive
  a long time
• Largest organism in the world is a club fungi

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Life Cycle

• Fruiting bodies are the visible mushrooms
• Produced by vast underground networks of mycelium
  (bundles of hyphae) when ready to reproduce
• Gills part on mushroom which contain Basidia
• Basidia have 2 nuclei fuse to make 2N zygote cell
• Zygote undergoes meiosis making Basidiospores
  which are scattered
• Mating types () and (-) can fuse sexually to
  make secondary mycelium network

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Phylum BasidiomycotaLife Cycle
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4. Phylum DeuteromycotaImperfect Fungi

• Extremely varied Phylum
• Grab Bag whatever does not fit in others
• NEVER have observed Sexual Life Cycle
• Reproduce Asexually by Conidia spores
• Like Ascomycetes
• Ex Penicillium notatum
• Grows on fruit
• Source of antibiotic penicillin

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Ecology of Fungi

• Fungi are heterotrophic decomposers
• Saprobes fungi that obtain food by breaking
  down dead and decaying orgs
• Can be decomposers good for nutrient cycle
• Need this to maintain life!
• Can be predators
• Some fungi poison and decompose worms which feed
  on them

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Ecology Cont.

• Symbiotic Relationships
• Lichen symbiosis btwn fungus and photosynthetic
  green algae or bacteria
• Photosyn. Org provides the food (sugar)
• Fungus provides nutrients and minerals
• Mycorrhizae symbiosis of a plant and fungi
• Fungus provides plant with water, minerals
• Plant Provides fungus with photosynthetic food

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Ecology Cont.

• Disease Some Fungi are Pathogenic
• Plant diseases Rusts, Root Rot
• Animal diseases
• Ringworm, Yeast infections, Athletes Foot

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Penicillium chrysogenum