Carbon Compounds In Cells

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Carbon Compounds In Cells
Chapter 3
Producers Capture _______

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids

_____
______ _______
sugars
CO2 H2O
Global warming- we all agree it is happening

• World ____concentrations increase in fall/winter

• Overall earth temp. is increasing.

• Use of fossil fuels releases ____into atmosphere

• Does increased ____ contribute to global warming??

2
Lets build life from carbon
carbon

• Outer shell of carbon has __ electrons
• Each carbon atom can form covalent bonds with up
  to ____ atoms

Carbon can be arranged in all sorts of molecules
This is ______________
or
______________ give these molecules their function
3

• There are ___________________ that are most
  important to the chemistry of life
• 1) __________- OH
• 2) ___________-CO
• 3) __________-COOH
• 4) _________- NH3
• 5) ___________- SH
• 6) ___________- PO4
• All are ____________ and___________solubility of
  organic compounds in water.

4
HYDROXYL
CARBOXYL
(alcohol)
(non-ionized COOH)
(ionized COO)
METHYL
AMINO
(non-ionized NH2)
(ionized NH3)
CARBONYL
PHOSPHATE
(icon for phosphate group)
(aldehyde CHO)
Fig. 3.2, p. 36
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Two major reactions to build and break down
macromolecules
1. _____________ Reaction

• ____ subunits
• Water ________

2. ___________ Reaction

• _______ subunits
• Water _________

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1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids

End in ___

• Monosaccharides- (simple sugars)
• _________-tasting
• Water soluble
• Most have _____ carbons-
• Glucose (6 C), Fructose (6 C), Ribose (5 C),
  Deoxyribose (5 C)

• Table sugar is a __________

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1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids

• ___________- (complex carbohydrates)
• Made by ____________ reaction

• Straight or branched chains of many sugar
  monomers
• Most common are composed entirely of ____________

• ______________- tough, indigestible structural
  material in plants
• _________ easily digestible, used for plant
  storage
• _________- animal storage (in liver and muscles)

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1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids

• Most include ______________
• Fats
• Phospholipids
• Waxes
• Sterols and their derivatives have no
  ____________
• Tend to be _____________ in water

What is a ___________?

• Carbon backbone (up to 36 C atoms) with _________
  group (-COOH) at one end

• ______________ - Single bonds between carbons
• ____________ - One or more double bonds- linked
  to ______ _______

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What is a ___?

• 2 - 3 fatty acid(s) attached to _________

• If one fatty acid is replaced with a ________
  group, it become a ______________

• Phospholipids make up cell _________

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Sterols and Derivatives

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids

• No fatty acids
• Four fused-together carbon ______
• __________- most common type in animals

Waxes

• Long-chain fatty acids
• Firm consistency, repel ______
• Important in _________________

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__________ are the subunit of proteins

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids

• Differences in ________ produce the __different
  amino acids.
• Amino acids may be
• Non-polar (no ___________ group)
• ______ (uncharged, or or - charge)

valine (val)
glutamate (glu)
Amino acids linked by ______ bonds via
____________________
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Amino acids linked by _______ bonds via
___________ ________
Condensation reaction
Condensation reaction
Condensation reaction
newly forming polypeptide chain
Fig. 3.14, p. 43
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1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids

• Four levels of structure ___________.____________
  _, ______________,___________

• Three or more amino acids ___________
• Backbone of polypeptide has __atoms
• -N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-

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• The ______ structure of a protein is its unique
  _______ of amino acids.

D. Proteins

• Sickle cell disease, abnormal hemoglobins, is due
  to a single ________ substitution.

Sickle cell
Normal
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D. Proteins

• The ________ structure -hydrogen bonds at regular
  intervals along the __________ backbone.
• Typical shapes
• -_______ (an alpha helix)
• -______(beta pleated sheets).

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D. Proteins

• ______ structure - determined by interactions
  among between _______ and the _________ backbone.

2. __________ interactions
1. _________ bonds
4. ____________- strong covalent bonds that form
between the sulfhydryl groups (SH) of cysteine
monomers, stabilize the structure.
3. _____ bonds
Fig. 5.22
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D. Proteins

• _________ structure results from the aggregation
  of _________ polypeptide subunits.
• _________ - fibrous protein of three polypeptides
  that are supercoiled like a rope.
• ____________- a globular protein with ____
  copies of ____kinds of polypeptides.

Fig. 5.23
Hemaglobin
Collagen
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Protein Denaturation

• Disruption of three-dimensional shape
• Breakage of weak bonds
• Causes of denaturation
• pH
• Temperature
• Destroying protein shape disrupts function

A permanent wave
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1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids

• A gene consists of regions of DNA, a polymer of
  _______ _____.
• Two types of nucleic acids _________________ and
  _______________________
• DNA provides direction for its own replication.
• DNA makes ____makes _______.
• DNA is the basis of inheritance
• One gene synthesizes one ____

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E. Nucleic Acids

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids

______ components in nucleic acids-
1. _____

• Sugar
• Ribose or deoxyribose
• Phosphate group
• Base
• Nitrogen-containing
• Single or double ring structure

3. ________
DNA __ at the 2 carbon RNA __ at the 2
carbon
2. ____________
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Nucleotide Functions

• _______ carriers
• Coenzymes
• Chemical messengers
• Building blocks for ________________

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DNA

• Double-stranded
• Consists of four types of nucleotides
• __ bound to __
• __ bound to __

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• RNA differs from DNA
• 1. RNA contains ________ as its sugar (not
  deoxyribose)
• 2. _________ replaces thymine.
• AGTCAT becomes AGUCAU
• 3. An RNA molecule almost always consists of a
  ________ strand.
• 4. Three types are key players in protein
  synthesis

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Natural Toxins

• Normal ____________ products of one species that
  can harm or kill a different species
• Natural pesticides
• Compounds from _____________
• Compounds from chrysanthemum

Synthetic Toxins
DDT
atrazine
malathion
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Negative Effects of Pesticides

• May be toxic to ______________ that help fight
  pests
• May be active for _________________
• Can be accidentally ______________,
  ______________ by humans
• Can cause rashes, headaches, allergic reactions