ATP

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ATP

• Why do we use it for Energy?

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ATP Adenosine Triphosphate

• Consists of Adensosine 3 Phosphates
• Highly unstable molecule
• 3 phosphates each highly negative repel each
  other (like the wrong end of a magnet)
• Hence a phosphate group is removed through
  hydrolysis energy is released (-7.3 kcal/mole)
  and breaks down into the more stable molecule
  ADP.

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ATP Pictures
Where does the Negativity come from? Oxygen
I thinkhes a bitunstabledont you?
Oxygen
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How does ATP store energy?
AMP
ADP
ATP

• Each negative PO4 more difficult to add
• a lot of stored energy in each bond
• most energy stored in 3rd Pi releases energy ?G
  -7.3 kcal/mole
• 3rd Pi is hardest group to keep bonded to
  molecule
• Bonding of negative Pi groups is unstable
• spring-loaded
• Pi groups pop off easily release energy

Instability of its P bonds makes ATP an excellent
energy donor
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ATP / ADP cycle
ATP

• Cant store ATP
• good energy donor, not good energy storage
• too reactive
• transfers Pi too easily
• only short term energy storage
• carbohydrates fats are long term energy storage

cellularrespiration
7.3 kcal/mole
ADP
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs
per second
Whoa!Pass methe glucose (and O2)!
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Completely off Topic

• How can you remember what happens in Oxidation or
  Reduction?
• OIL RIG
• Oxidation is Loss of Electrons
• Reduction is Gain of Electrons
• PS. Making ATP is phosphorylation not Oxidation
  or reduction.

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CELLULAR RESPIRATIONC6H12O6 O2 ? CO2 H2O
energy
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What questions should you be able to answer at
the end of the unit?

• Why do you breath in oxygen?
• What do you breath out and why?
• How do mitochondria work?
• What is the difference between aerobic and
  anaerobic respiration?
• What are the steps of Glycolysis?
• What are the steps of Aerobic and Anaerobic
  Respiration?

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CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• The complex process in which cells make ATP by
  breaking down organic compounds is known as
  cellular respiration.

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2
2 NADH 2H pyruvic acid
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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

• When O2 is absent, respiration is anaerobic and
  includes glycolysis and fermentation.

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GLYCOLYSIS

• Glycolysis is a pathway in which one molecule of
  glucose is oxidized to produce two molecules of
  pyruvic acid.
• Takes place in the cytosol of the cell.

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Glycolysis Continued

• The endproducts are 2 NADH, and 4 ATP
• First 3 steps of Glycolysis are endothermic,
  require energy in the form of 2 ATP. Subsequent
  steps are exothermic.
• What is the Net ATP produced by Glycolysis?

Overview of Glycolysis
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• 2 ATP
• 4 ATP
• 2 ATP per molecule of glucose.

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What happens if you have too much ATP?

• Allosteric Inhibition
• PFK (Phosphofructokinase) Enzyme used in step 3
  of glycolysis to create the 6 carbon sugar that
  breaks apart into P-C-C-C C-C-C-P
• Too much energy? ATP binds to the PFK halting the
  steps of gycolysis.

Allosteric Enzyme
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FERMENTATION

• When there is no oxygen available, the products
  of glycolysis enter fermentation where no further
  ATP is yielded however NAD is regenerated and is
  available for glycolysis again.

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ENERGY YIELD
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Who uses Anaerobic Respiration?

• You do with Aerobic Respiration
• Some bacteria survive on it (Botulinum Tetnus)
  and can not survive in the presence of O2. They
  are Obligate anaerobes.
• Facultative anaerobes can tolerate oxygen
  Staph, E.Coli
• Anaerobic R. began Millions of years ago when
  earths atm. Had no O2.

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AEROBIC RESPIRATION

• If oxygen is available, pyruvic acid enters the
  pathways of aerobic respiration the Krebs cycle
  and the electron transport chain.

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OVERVIEW OF AEROBICRESPIRATION
The Mitochondria At Work

• In the Krebs cycle, the oxidation of glucose that
  began with glycolysis is completed and NAD is
  reduced to NADH.
• In the electron transport chain, NADH is used to
  make ATP.
• Prokaryotes Cytosol
• Eukaryotes Mitochondrial Matrix

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• When pyruvic acid reacts with a molecule called
  coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A.

Making Vinegar
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The Krebs Cycle

• Cyclic process that produces the following
  products CO2, ATP, NADH H, and FADH2.
• CO2 is released.
• NADH H, and FADH2 go to the electron transport
  chain.

Krebs Cycle At the Bottom
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ELECTRON TRANSPORTCHAIN
E.T.C. revisited

• In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain
  lines the cell membrane.
• ATP is produced by the electron transport chain
  when NADH and FADH2 release hydrogen atoms,
  regenerating NAD and FAD.

Electron Transport Chain
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ATP synthase

• Enzyme channel in mitochondrial membrane
• permeable to H
• H flow down concentration gradient
• flow like water over water wheel
• flowing H cause change in shape of ATP
  synthase enzyme
• powers bonding of Pi to ADPADP Pi ? ATP

ADP
ATP
But How is the proton (H) gradient formed?
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Respiration

• .

Virtual Respiration Lab