REQUERIMIENTO 3: HUMANOS

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REQUERIMIENTO 3 HUMANOS
RE MB ETA PAL
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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSComponentes del
requerimiento energético

• METABOLISMO BASAL (TMB TMR)
• Basal metabolism. This comprises a series of
  functions that are essential for life, such as
  cell function and replacement the synthesis,
  secretion and metabolism of enzymes and hormones
  to transport proteins and other substances and
  molecules the maintenance of body temperature
  uninterrupted work of cardiac and respiratory
  muscles and brain function. The amount of energy
  used for basal metabolism in a period of time is
  called the basal metabolic rate (BMRTMB), and is
  measured under standard conditions that include
  being awake in the supine position after ten to
  12 hours of fasting and eight hours of physical
  rest, and being in a state of mental relaxation
  in an ambient environmental temperature that does
  not elicit heat-generating or heat-dissipating
  processes. Depending on age and lifestyle, BMR
  represents 45 to 70 percent of daily total energy
  expenditure, and it is determined mainly by the
  individuals age, gender, body size and body
  composition.

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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSComponentes del
requerimiento

• EFECTO TERMICO DEL ALIMENTO (ETA)
• Metabolic response to food. Eating requires
  energy for the ingestion and digestion of food,
  and for the absorption, transport,
  interconversion, oxidation and deposition of
  nutrients. These metabolic processes increase
  heat production and oxygen consumption, and are
  known by terms such as dietary-induced
  thermogenesis, specific dynamic action of food
  and thermic effect of feeding. The metabolic
  response to food increases total energy
  expenditure by about 10 percent of the BMR over a
  24-hour period in individuals eating a mixed diet
• Termorregulación

TERMOGENESIS ADAPTATIVA
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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSComponentes del
requerimiento energético

• ACTIVIDAD FISICA
• Physical activity. This is the most variable and,
  after BMR, the second largest component of daily
  energy expenditure. Humans perform obligatory and
  discretionary physical activities. Obligatory
  activities can seldom be avoided within a given
  setting, and they are imposed on the individual
  by economic, cultural or societal demands. The
  term obligatory is more comprehensive than the
  term occupational that was used in the 1985
  report (WHO, 1985)because, in addition to
  occupational work, obligatory activities include
  daily activities such as going to school, tending
  to the home and family and other demands made on
  children and adults by their economic, social and
  cultural environment.
• Discretionary activities, although not socially
  or economically essential, are important for
  health, well-being and a good quality of life in
  general. They include the regular practice of
  physical activity for fitness and health the
  performance of optional household tasks that may
  contribute to family comfort and well-being and
  the engagement in individually and socially
  desirable activities for personal enjoyment,
  social interaction and community development

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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSComponentes del
requerimiento energético

• Resting Energy
• Caloric intake equations are based on determining
  a persons resting energy expenditure. This is
  the energy necessary to sustain life and to keep
  the heart, lungs, brain, liver and kidneys
  functioning properly.
• According to the book Nutrition Therapy and
  Pathophysiology, the average North Americans
  resting energy expenditure accounts for about 60
  to 75 percent of total daily energy expenditure.
  The remaining energy expenditure is through
  physical activity, about 25 percent, and through
  the metabolic process of digesting food, about 10
  percent.

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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSComponentes del
requerimiento energetico

• CRECIMIENTO
• Growth. The energy cost of growth has two
  components 1) the energy needed to synthesize
  growing tissues and 2) the energy deposited in
  those tissues. The energy cost of growth is about
  35 percent of total energy requirement during the
  first three months of age, falls rapidly to about
  5 percent at 12 months and about 3 percent in the
  second year, remains at 1 to 2 percent until
  mid-adolescence, and is negligible in the late
  teens.
• GESTACION
• Pregnancy. During pregnancy, extra energy is
  needed for the growth of the foetus, placenta and
  various maternal tissues, such as in the uterus,
  breasts and fat stores, as well as for changes in
  maternal metabolism and the increase in maternal
  effort at rest and during physical activity.
• LACTACION
• Lactation. The energy cost of lactation has two
  components 1) the energy content of the milk
  secreted and 2) the energy required to produce
  that milk. Well-nourished lactating women can
  derive part of this additional requirement from
  body fat stores accumulated during pregnancy.

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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSCalculo de la TMR con
uso de fórmulas
Formula (N. U. - CEPAL, 2004) , para edad de 18 a
30 años (15.4(p) 27(t) 717) ó
15.057(kg) 692.2 .Hombres
Formula ( O.M.S. - 1985) para el cálculo de la
Tasa Metabólica en Reposo (TMR) en Kcal/día
15.3 (P) 679 . Hombres (18 29 años) 14.7
(P) 496 . Mujeres (18 29 años)
Fórmula de Harris-Benedict para calcular la TMR
Hombres (GEB) TMR 66 13,7 x P (kg)
5 x T (cm) 6,8 x edad (años) Mujeres (GEB)
TMR 655 9,6 x P (kg) 1,8 x T(cm) 4,7
x edad (años) RCT GEB (Sexo) ADE (10 GEB)
Actividad Deporte P Peso vivo del estudiante
en kg. T Talla del estudiante en cm.
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• Mifflin-St. Jeor Equation
• According to Nutrition Therapy and
  Pathophysiology, the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation
  was developed in 1990 and has been validated by
  more than 10 studies. The Mifflin-St. Jeor
  equation is gaining popularity among the
  nutrition professionals for accurately estimating
  caloric needs. The equation is as follows for
  females 10 x (Weight in kg) 6.25 x (Height in
  cm) - 5 x age - 161 for males 10 x (Weight in
  kg) 6.25 x (Height in cm) - 5 x age 5. These
  equations are also multiplied by the same
  physical activity factors to estimate daily
  caloric needs
• According to the American Dietetic Association,
  the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation has been found to
  be the most reliable in predicting actual resting
  energy expenditure within 10 percent. The
  equation is recommended by nutrition
  professionals. For further understanding daily
  caloric intake needs, a Registered Dietitian
  should be consulted.
• Ya considera el 10 por efecto termico del
  alimento

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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSCalculo del nivel de
actividad física (PAL)
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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSGasto energético por
actividad (PAR)
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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSCalculo del nivel de la
BMR (TMB - TMR)
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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSTrabajo Determine su
requerimiento
ESTIMACION DE LOS REQUERIMIENTOS ENERGETICOS Y
NUTRICIONALES PARA ESTUDIANTES EJERCICIO 1.
Registre sus propias actividades a lo largo de 3
días en un diario de actividades. Incluir 1 día
durante el fin de semana, y sacar el promedio de
esos tres días (solo trabaje con el promedio) 2.
Calcule el número total de minutos empleados en
cada tipo de actividad y utilice la tabla del
costo energético por actividad y luego
transferirlo al formulario de registro de
actividades. (Baje el libro ftp//ftp.fao.org/doc
rep/fao/007/y5686e/y5686e00.pdf) En el anexo
de este libro encontrará las actividades y su
costo energético 3. Calcule su gasto energético
promedio obtenido en 1 mediante el método
factorial 5. Calcule la cantidad de grasa,
proteínas y carbohidratos que debe consumir por
día en base a sus requerimientos de energía
estimada en 3. 6. Calcule su IMC 7. Calcule su
ratio C/C 8. Seguir las siguientes
recomendaciones del siguiente ejemplo
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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSRegistro de actividades
(Promedio de tres días)
ACTIVIDAD COSTO ENERGETICO TIEMPO
  TMR (minutos)
     
     
Dormir 1.0 450
Asear y vestir 2.9 15
Desayunar 2.1 30
Caminar a la UNA 3.5 20
Sentarse en clase 1.4 180
Caminar de y hacia clase 3.5 40
Almorzar 2.1 30
Estudiar en Biblioteca 1.2 180
Deambulacion 3.5 30
Partido de tenis 6.2 40
Caminar a casa 3.5 20
Cenar 2.1 40
Planchar camisa 3.5 15
Manejar y regresar de cita 2.5 20
Bailar activamente 8.5 40
Comer bocaditos 2.1 20
Sentarse y charlar con pareja 1.2 120
Estudiar en Biblioteca 1.2 120
Desvestir y bañar 2.9 30
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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSSumatoria
SUMATORIA SUMATORIA SUMATORIA SUMATORIA
       
NIVEL DE COSTO MIN HORAS NIVEL x HORAS
ENERGETICO      
       
1.0 450 7.50 7.50
1.2 420 7.00 8.40
1.4 180 3.00 4.20
2.1 120 2.00 4.20
2.3 20 0.33 0.76
2.9 45 0.75 2.18
3.5 125 2.08 7.28
6.2 40 0.67 4.15
8.5 40 0.67 5.70
       
    24.00 44.40
NIVEL DE ACTIVIDAD FISICA (PAL) 44.4 / 24
1.85
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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSEstimación del
requerimiento energético (RE)
DATOS DEL ESTUDIANTE Peso del estudiante 78 kg
Edad 22 años Talla 1.7 m
NIVEL DE ACTIVIDAD FISICA (PAL) 44.4 / 24
1.85
Reemplazando los datos en la formula de la O.M.S.
(1985) para varones, se tiene TMR 15.4 (78)
27 (1.7) 717
TMR 1,872.3 Kcal/día (Recuerde que esta
fórmula (TMR) ya considera el gasto del efecto
térmico del alimento de los alimentos 10 ).
Luego considerando el Nivel de Actividad Física
(PAL) , el requerimiento de energía por día (RED)
es RED
TMR x PAL
RED 1872.3 x 1.85
RED 3463.75 Kcal/día
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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSRecomendación del
consumo de nutrientes (OMS)

• -Grasa total 15 30 ( del total de
  energía)
• Ácidos grasos saturados lt 10
• Ácidos grasos insaturados (PUFAS) 6 10
• PUFAS W-6 5 8
• PUFAS W-3 1- 2
• Ácidos grasos trans lt 1
• Ácidos grasos mono insaturados (MUFAS)
  por diferencia
• -Carbohidratos totales 55 75 (
  del total de energía)
• Azucares libres lt 10
• -Proteína total 10 15 ( del
  total de energía)
• Colesterol lt 300 mg/día
• Cloruro de sodio 5 g /día
  (lt 2 g/día)
• Frutas y vegetales gt 400 g / día
• Fibra dietaría total? ..

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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSRecomendación de
Actividad Fisica
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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSDistribución calórica y
cantidad de nutrientes/día

• TOMANDO COMO BASE EL RE 3,463.75 Kcal/día
• 1) Grasa total 15 30 ( del total de
  energía)
• 2) Carbohidratos totales 55 75
  ( del total de energía)
• 3) Proteína total 10 15 ( del
  total de energía)
• 3,463.75 x 0.15 519.56 kcal/ 9 kcal g-1 57.73
  g de grasa/día
• 3,463.75 x 0.75 2,597.81/4 kcal g-1 649.45 g
  de carbohidratos/día
• 3,463.75 x 0.10 346.375/4 kcal g-1 86.59 g
  de proteínas/día

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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSUtilización de software
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REQUERIMIENTO de HUMANOSIndicadores saludables
Fórmula para el calculo del Índice de Masa
Corporal (IMC) IMC Peso (kg) / Talla x Talla
(en metros) Fórmula para el cálculo de la ratio
C/C C/C cintura (cm) / cadera (cm)
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PRACTICA 08 c

• Determine su requerimiento energético.
• Determine la cantidad de Proteínas, Grasa y
  carbohidratos que debe consumir diariamente.
• Elabore su dieta diaria