Taxonomy

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Taxonomy

• Chapter 18

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Taxonomy

• Field in which scientists classify organisms and
  assign a universally accepted name
• Organization into groups that get more and more
  specific
• All levels share common features
• Ex Mammalia, Vertebrata, Canis

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Classification System

• Each level is called a taxon
• 7 total levels
• KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
• Most general at the top (most members)
• Most specific at the bottom (least members)
• Not including Domains (yet)

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Ex Red Tailed Hawk

• Classification
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Aves
• Order Falconiformes
• Family Accipitridae
• GenusButeo
• Species jamaicensis

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What is Binomial Nomenclature?

• Modern classification for organisms using a
  two-word naming system
• The 2 words are the last 2 taxonomic levels
• Genus and species
• Example Periplaneta americana
• A Cockroach!!!

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How did we find that?

• Classification
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Arthropoda
• Class Insecta
• Order Blattaria
• Family Blattidae
• Genus Periplaneta
• Species americana

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How do we write scientifically?

• Capitalize the Genus
• Lowercase the species
• Either Italicize or Underline the grouping
• Ex Carcharodon carcharias
• Ex Ara macao

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Who came up with this system?

• Carolus Linnaeus
• Loved Latin so much changed his name to the Latin
  formsweet.
• Came up the hierarchal classification system
• Founder of modern taxonomy

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What is Phylogeny?

• Evolutionary History of Species
• Shows Relationships and Common Ancestors
• Uses a Phylogenetic Tree to shows relationships
• Based on Structural Similarities, Breeding
  Behavior, Geographic Distribution, Chromosome
  Comparisons, Biochemistry
• Presumed relationships based on MORPHOLOGY!!
• structural features!
• http//www.amnh.org/ology/features/treeoflife/page
  s/cladogram.php

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How do you read the tree?

• Is the Oldest at the
• bottom?
• Yes and No, the tree shows
• common ancestors!
• What is our most
• common ancestor on
• this tree?

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What is Cladistics?

• Branch of taxonomy that uses cladograms to show
  relationships

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Cladogram Construction

• a stylized diagram that looks like a series of
  Y's or forks in a road
• At each branch, or "Y" junction, characteristics
  of evolutionary origin are used to separate one
  group from the rest.
• All the organisms after that characteristic will
  share that trait.
• Used to show common ancestry

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Cladogram