The Constitution, Liberalism, and the Age of Revolution

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• The Constitution, Liberalism, and the Age of
  Revolution

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• MAIN THEMES
• How and why the Constitution replaced the
  Articles of Confederation.
• How differing views of what the nation should
  become led to the rise of America's first
  political parties and first two-party system.
• What are the major constitutional arguments found
  in the Federalist Papers.
• How the American Revolutions and Constitution
  relates to other revolutions and the rise of
  liberalism.
• The distinctions between political, economic, and
  religious liberalism.

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FOUR PARTY PERIODS   1796 - 1828 1ST PARTY
SYSTEM   FEDERALIST - ANTI-FEDERALIST
NATIONALIST - REPUBLICAN / DEMOCRAT HAMILTONIA
N - JEFFERSONIAN   1829 - 1856 2ND PARTY
SYSTEM   WHIG - DEMOCRACY ANTI-JACKSONIAN -
JACKSONIAN   1856 - 1964 3RD PARTY
SYSTEM   REPUBLICAN - DEMOCRAT   1864 -
4TH PARTY SYSTEM   DEMOCRAT -
REPUBLICAN
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WHAT IS LIBERALISM?

• CLASSICAL LIBERALISM
• POLITICAL LIBERALISM
• ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
• RELIGIOUS LIBERALISM
• CALVANIST LIBERALISM
• REVOLUTIONARY LIBERALISM
• CIVIL / SOCIAL LIBERALISM (MODERN)

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•  
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• CLASSICAL LIBERALISM
• VS
• CLASSICAL REPUBLICANISM
• -------------------------------------------
  ----------
• INDIVIDUAL VS COMMUNITY
• PERSONAL LIBERTY VS COMMON GOOD
• ASPIRATION VS PRACTICAL WISDON

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John Locke (1632-1704).
CLASSICAL LIBERALISM THE MODERN FAITH IN FREE
INQUIRY, NATURAL RIGHTS, ECONOMIC LIBERTY, AND
DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT.
Nicolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)
CLASSICAL REPUBLICANISM ORNATE ARISTOCRATIC,
PRISCRIPTIVE, ACD CONCERNED WITH THE COMMON GOOD
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• THE THREE LIBERALISMS
• POLITICAL LIBERALISM
• John Locke (1632-1704)
• ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
• Adam smith (1723-1790)
• RELIGIOUS LIBERALISM - DEISM
• - CHRISTIAN LIBERALISM William
  Ellery Channing (1780-1842)

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Adam Smith, 172390
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the
Wealth of Nations (1776
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REVOLUTIONARY LIBERALISM
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
CitizenApproved by the National Assembly of
France, August 26, 1789

• 1.  Men are born and remain free and equal in
  rights. Social distinctions may be founded only
  upon the general good.
• 2.  The aim of all political association is the
  preservation of the natural and imprescriptible
  rights of man. These rights are liberty,
  property, security, and resistance to oppression.
• 3.  The principle of all sovereignty resides
  essentially in the nation.
• 4.  Liberty consists in the freedom to do
  everything which injures no one else.
• 5.  Law can only prohibit such actions as are
  hurtful to society.
• 6.  Law is the expression of the general will.
• 7.  No person shall be accused, arrested, or
  imprisoned except in the cases and according to
  the forms prescribed by law.

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Latin America on the Eve of Independence, c. 1800

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Latin America after Wars pf Independence, 1825
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• The American and French
• Revolutions
• Continuities
• 1. Classical Republican Forms
• 2. Natural Rights
• 3. Written Constitutions
• Discontinuities
• Minority Protection /
• Majority Rule
• 2. Religion
• 3. Slavery

The Goddess of Reason