SEJARAH PENDIDIKAN ISLAM 2

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SEJARAH PENDIDIKAN ISLAM 2

• Ukhti Diwi Abbas

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Topik

• Tokoh-Tokoh pada zaman
• kegemilangan Islam
• Imam Ghazali

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Imam Ghazali

• Knowledge without work is insanity, and work
  without knowledge is vanity

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Imam Ghazali

• Ilmu tanpa amal adalah perkara yang tak masuk
  akal, amal tanpa ilmu adalah kesombongan

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Early Education

• Studied Quran from his own father
• Upon his fathers death, his fathers friend a
  great Sufi, Ahmad Bin Muhammad ar-Razikani
  took care of Imam Ghazali and his brother Ahmad
• Travelled to Jurjan Nishapur to study under
  great scholars (e.g. Imam al-Haramain al-Juwaini)

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3 Stages of His Life

• Stage 1
• 28 years old was appointed as a court jurist of
  Nizam ul-Mulk
• Appointed as a Professor at Nizamiyah College
  (Baghdad)
• Stage 2
• 38 years old (in 1095)
• underwent a 6-month long spiritual crisis and
  went into seclusion and lived as a sufi
• started to work on Ihya Ulumuddin

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3 Stages of His Life

• Stage 3
• In 1104 - after 10 years of absence, he went back
  to teaching at Nizamiya College at Nishapur
• 1109 he left Nishapur to return to Tus to
  continue to leave as a sufi
• Built a Khanqah (Sufi hermitage) and teach there
  until his death

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Pedagogi Imam Ghazali

• Tugas utama guru ibu bapa membentuk akhlak
  intelek anak.
• Menyusu dari wanita yang alim
• Anak meniru akhlak ibu bapa guru
• Anak meniru persekitaran sosial dan fizikal yang
  positif
• Gunakan sistem hadiah denda (secara lembut
  tidak di mata awam)
• Quran, hadis dan cerita mengenai alim ulama.
  Senaman di luar masa sekolah.
• Diajar menghormati guru, ibu bapa dan orang
  dewasa keberanian bercakap benar menghormati
  kawan merendah diri murah hati.
• Akhlak yang mulia intelek ghadab syahwa di
  tahap yang seimbang.

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Imam Ghazalis Pedagogy

• The first and foremost aim of learning is the
  study of the divine.
• Students to attain the gem, that is, the
  knowledge of the hereafter, for the noblest of
  all disciplines is the one of knowing God.
• Seek, therefore, nothing else and treasure
  nothing besides it.

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Imam Ghazalis Pedagogy

• He considers the heart of the child as being in
  particular need of special care and attention.
• the heart of a child is a precious jewel,
  neutral, free of all impressions, susceptible to
  every impression and every inclination to which
  it is brought near.

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Rules of Conduct for Students

• The student must first purify his soul by ridding
  himself of bad habits and other unpleasant
  character flaws. to become a worthy vessel for
  knowledge.

???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????
Verily knowledge is light (which Allah s.w.t.)
into the heart. (Saying of Ibnu Masud r.a.)
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Rules of Conduct for Students

• The student must remove himself as far as
  possible from his ties to the affairs of the
  world as they pull him away from fully focusing
  on knowledge.
• Knowledge will surrender nothing to a person
  unless the person surrenders his all to it.

???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???
???????????
Allah has not made for any man two hearts in his
(one) body (Q Ahzab 33 4)
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Rules of Conduct for Students

• 3. The student must not set himself above his
  teacher and should accept whatever his teacher
  teaches him. He should embrace all of his advice
  and trust his guidance implicitly The pupil is
  to be to his teacher like the soft soil which
  has received heavy rains and completely absorbed
  them.

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Rules of Conduct for Students

• 4) The student must ignore the contradictory
  opinions of others in his chosen field and
  concentrate on mastering the one and only
  praiseworthy way given by his teacher. Only then
  may he consider other schools of thought.

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Rules of Conduct for Students

• 5) The serious student must ensure that the
  nature and scope of all branches of knowledge
  become familiar to him, because all types of
  knowledge are linked and related to each other.
  If time permits, all of them should be studied in
  detail if not, then mastering the most important
  is imperative.

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Rules of Conduct for Students

• 6) The student, however, must not attempt to
  study everything at once. Rather, he should order
  his study, beginning with the most important
  disciplines.
• 7) The student must not study a new branch of
  knowledge until the previous has been mastered,
  because each new bit of knowledge builds on the
  foundation of the previous one

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Rules of Conduct for Students

• 8) The student must know how to judge the noble
  nature of a science. This is a twofold judgment
  one entails being able to appraise the fruit of
  the science and the other is to be able to assess
  the validity of its principles

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Rules of Conduct for Students

• 9) The students immediate purpose should be the
  attainment of inner virtue, and his ultimate goal
  should be to draw close to God and achieve
  spiritual perfection rather than to gain
  authority and to look impressive in front of his
  peers.

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Rules of Conduct for Students
Purpose of learning is for the adornment of inner
self with virtues seeking nearness to Allah
(Taqarrub-il-lAllaah) and attainment of piety
(Taqwa).
????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????
Verily the most honoured of you in the sight of
Allah is (he who is) the most righteous of
you. (Quran Hujurat 49 13)
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???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????
???????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????
?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????
?????????? ????????
Whoever seeks knowledge (intending) to argue
with the learned (scholars), or to brag with the
foolish or with it to attract peoples
attention to himself Allah will make him to
enter the Hell-fire. (Hadith also reported by
Tirmidzi and Ibn Majah)
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Rules of Conduct for Students

• 10) Finally, the student is to have a clear idea
  of the relation of the different sciences to the
  goal of learning. This will enable him to give
  correct weight to those matters that he
  encounters rather than to judge the less
  important to be the more important and vice versa.

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Two Categories of Practical Sciences

• Fardhu Ain
• Concepts which one personally needs to do or know
  to conduct ones life
• Fardhu Kifayah
• Concepts concerning ones involvement in the
  communituy as a whole (e.g. doing medicine)

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Teachers Role

• The teacher should be sympathetic to his students
  and treat them as his own children
• The teacher should follow the example of the
  Prophet and teach for free. He should not seek
  praise or payment for his services but should
  teach solely for the glory of God.

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Teachers Role

• 3) The teacher is obliged to ensure that each of
  his students works at the correct level for
  himself. He is to do this by supplying them with
  the necessary information they require to succeed
  and not allowing them to attempt to move to the
  next, more difficult level until they have
  mastered the simpler one that precedes it. On a
  different note, he should also tell the student
  that the reason he is learning is to get closer
  to God and not for any worldly gain.

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Teachers Role

• 4) The teacher must persuade his students to give
  up bad habits by subtle suggestion and compassion
  rather than by doing it openly and reproachfully.
  Direct attempts to dissuade people from following
  a bad course often lead to their open defiance.

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Teachers Role

• 5) The teacher must not say anything derogatory
  about sciences other than those he is teaching
  but, rather, use his own subject to prepare his
  students for learning other branches of knowledge
  later on.

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Teachers Role

• 6) The teacher must ensure that the materials he
  provides for the students study and tests are
  not too difficult for them student success is
  important, for it ensures that the student
  continues to enjoy learning.

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Teachers Role

• 7) With regard to students who are having
  difficulties learning, as al- Ghazali states
  firmly, the teacher must ensure that only things
  clear and suitable to their limited
  understanding should be taught to them.
  Additionally, the details or specifics that are
  not common should not be presented to them so as
  not to confuse and discourage them.

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Teachers Role

• 8) The teacher must practice and live what he
  knows and teaches, and not allow his work or
  behavior to contradict his words.

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4 ways to modify ones behaviour

• One should seek a spiritual guide
• One should seek good friends
• One should take advantage of ones enemies by
  listening to what they say about him because
  theyll describe his weaknesses
• One should socialise with different people in
  society and pay attention to good manners

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Modifying Behaviour

• Example If a person is miserly, the remedy
  would be to recommend that the person make
  frequent charitable donations

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Resources

• Ghazali Darusalam. (2001). Pedagogi Pendidikan
  Islam. Kuala Lumpur Utusan Publications
  Distributors.
• Gunther, Sebastian. (2006). Be Masters in That
  You Teach and Continue to Learn Medieval Muslim
  Thinkers on Educational Theory. Comparative
  Education Review Vol 50 (3) 367-388.
• Zaghbul Morsy. (1997). Thinkers on Education
  Volume 2. Switzerland UNESCO Publishing.
• Nabih Amin Faris. (2002). Imam Ghazalis The Book
  of Knowledge. New Delhi Islamic Book Service.
• Ihya Ulumuddin.
• Majid Fakhry. (1991). Ethical Theories in Islam.
  Leiden E.J. Brill.

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Takeaways?
1) 2) 3) 4) 5)