Fungi vs' "fungi"

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Fungi vs. "fungi"

• Based on the phenotypic definitions or traits
  attributed to fungi, fungi do not comprise a
  single monophyletic group of organisms
• more than one evolutionary origin
• not all "fungi" are members of the Kingdom Fungi

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F
UNGI (e.g., mushrooms, yeasts)
M
ICROSPORIDIA
M
ETAZOA (Animals)
Phylogeny Of Eukaryotes
D
ICTYOSTELIDAE
Slime molds
M
YXOGASTRIDAE
L
OBOSA
A
NGIOSPERMAE (Green Plants)
based on DNA sequence data
C
HLOROPHYCEAE
R
HODOPHYTA
G
LAUCOPHYTA
(some water molds Sudden Oak Death)
O
OMYCETES
P
HAEOPHYCEAE (Brown algae)
C
ILIOPHORA
A
PICOMPLEXA
K
INETOPLASTIDA
E
UGLENOIDEA
A
CRASIDAE
V
AHLKAMPFIIDAE
P
ARABASALLA
D
IPLOMONADIDA
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Some characters that separate the the Kingdom
Fungi from protistan fungi
Kingdom Fungi Protistan
fungi mitochondria cristae flattened
cristae
tubular motile cells no motile cells or
motile cells with anterior posterior
flagellum or lateral heterokont flagella
cell wall carbohydrate ?glucans, chitin
?glucans, cellulose lysine
biosynthesis alpha-aminoadepic acid (AAA)
diaminopimelic (DAP) storage compound glycogen
mycolaminarins sterols ergosterol fucostero
l Phyla Chytridiomycota Oomycota (emphasize
d Zygomycota Myxomycota in class) Glomeromycota
Dictyosteliomycota
Basidiomycota Ascomycota
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• General characteristics of the Phyla of the
  Kingdom Fungi
• basal lineages
• Chytridiomycota (800)
• unicellular to mycelial (coenocytic)
• zoospore with single posterior whiplash flagellum
• aquatic terrestrial
• no sporocarp production
• Zygomycota (1000)
• generally coenocytic mycelium
• production of zygosporangia zygospores
• no sporocarp production
• Glomeromycota (200)
• formerly part of Zygomycota
• coenocytic mycelium
• no known sexual reproduction
• arbuscular mycorrhizae (Glomerales)

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• Basidiomycota (22500)
• septate mycelium
• clamp connections
• complex dolipore septa
• dikaryotic, haploid mycelium
• production of exospores (basidiospores) on a
  basidium
• production of complex sporocarps
• Ascomycota (35000)
• septate mycelium
• simple septa
• monokaryotic, haploid mycelium
• production of endospores (ascospores)
• in an ascus
• production of complex sporocarps
• often dominant asexual reproduction

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Phylogeny of Kingdom Fungi
Chytridiomycota
Chytridiomycota

Zygomycota
Glomeromycota
chitin glycogen mito cristae ergosterol post
smooth flagellum share with animals
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
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http//ocid.nacse.org/research/aftol/
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Fossil Record of Kingdom Fungi - How old are
fungi?
Silurian 440 hypha, spores ?Ascomycota Devonian
410 wood decay Basidiomycota mycorrhizae Glo
meromycota zoosporangia Chytridiomycota Carbon
iferous 360 zygospores Zygomycota clamp
connections Basidiomycota ?fruit
bodies Permian 286 white rot Basidiomycota Tri
assic 245 wood decay Basidiomycota mycorrhiza
e Glomeromycota Jurassic 208 shelf
fungus Basidiomycota Cretaceous 144 rusts Basi
diomycota polypores conidia Ascomycota
Tertiary 65 extant morphologies
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3 Major Clades - Classes - of the Basidiomycota
Hymenomycetes mushrooms, shelf fungi jelly fungi,
coral crusts, puffballs
Ustilaginomycetes smuts
Urediniomycetes rusts, marine yeasts crusts
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Nomenclature
Amanita muscaria
Kingdom - Fungi Phylum - Basidiomycota Class
- Hymenomycetes Order - Agaricales Family
- Amanitaceae Genus - Amanita Species
- A. muscaria
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Introductory Mycology BOT 461/561
http//ocid.nacse.org/classroom/fungi/bot461/